Shakers

Shakers. The Shakers, officially known as the United Society of Shakers, were a Christian sect that emerged in the 18th century, founded by Ann Lee in England in 1774, and later established in the United States by Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright. The Shakers were known for their unique millenarian beliefs, pacifist principles, and communal way of life, which was influenced by Quakers and Methodists. They were also recognized for their skilled craftsmanship, particularly in furniture making, which was often showcased at events like the Centennial Exposition and the World's Columbian Exposition.

History of the Shakers

The Shakers have their roots in the Wardley sect, a group of English Quakers who believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Ann Lee, the founder, was influenced by the teachings of George Fox and John Wesley, and she developed a unique set of beliefs that emphasized the importance of celibacy, communal living, and pacifism. The Shakers immigrated to the United States in 1774 and established their first community in Niskeyuna, New York, near the Hudson River. They later established communities in other parts of the country, including New Lebanon, New York, and Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, which were often visited by notable figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Shaker Beliefs and Practices

The Shakers believed in the Bible and the teachings of Jesus Christ, but they also believed in the importance of revelation and spiritualism. They practiced communal living, where all members shared resources and worked together to maintain the community. They also believed in the importance of celibacy, and members were expected to remain chaste and devote themselves to their faith. The Shakers were known for their unique form of worship, which included dancing, singing, and speaking in tongues, similar to the practices of the Pentecostal movement. They were also influenced by the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg and the Theosophical Society.

Shaker Communities

The Shakers established several communities throughout the United States, including New Lebanon, New York, Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, and Sabbathday Lake, Maine. These communities were self-sufficient and included farms, workshops, and dwellings. The Shakers were known for their skilled craftsmanship, particularly in furniture making, textiles, and basketry, which was often exhibited at events like the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. They also established schools and hospitals within their communities, which were often staffed by members of the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army.

Shaker Culture and Traditions

The Shakers had a unique culture and set of traditions. They were known for their simple and functional architecture, which reflected their emphasis on communal living and simplicity. They also had a rich music and dance tradition, which included hymns and folk music. The Shakers were also known for their craftsmanship, particularly in furniture making, which was often influenced by the styles of Thomas Chippendale and George Hepplewhite. They also had a strong emphasis on education and literacy, and they established schools within their communities, which were often modeled after the Boston Latin School and the Phillips Exeter Academy.

Decline and Legacy

The Shaker movement began to decline in the late 19th century, due to a combination of factors, including the American Civil War and the Industrial Revolution. Many Shaker communities were forced to close, and the number of members dwindled. However, the Shakers left a lasting legacy in American history and culture. They were known for their unique architecture, craftsmanship, and music traditions, which continue to inspire artists and craftspeople today, including those at the Bauhaus and the Black Mountain College. The Shakers also played an important role in the development of American utopianism and communalism, and their emphasis on simplicity, equality, and justice continues to influence social and political movements, including the Civil Rights Movement and the Women's Suffrage Movement. Today, there are only a few remaining Shaker communities, including the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village in Maine, which is a National Historic Landmark and a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world, including Europe, Asia, and Africa.