PRISM
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| PRISM | |
|---|---|
| Name | PRISM |
| Country | United States |
| Agency | National Security Agency |
PRISM is a mass surveillance program operated by the National Security Agency (NSA) under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), with the cooperation of major United States internet companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft. The program was first revealed by The Guardian and The Washington Post in 2013, based on documents leaked by Edward Snowden, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee and NSA contractor, who also worked with Booz Allen Hamilton. The existence of PRISM has raised concerns about privacy and civil liberties in the United States and around the world, with many organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), criticizing the program.
Introduction
The PRISM program is a key component of the NSA's global surveillance efforts, which also include the XKeyscore program and the Tempora program, a collaboration with the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) of the United Kingdom. The program involves the collection of internet communications from major US technology companies, including Yahoo!, AOL, and Skype, as well as Google, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft. The NSA has also collaborated with other intelligence agencies, such as the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and the Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC), to collect and analyze global communications data. The program has been authorized under the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which was signed into law by President George W. Bush and renewed by President Barack Obama in 2012.
History
The PRISM program was first authorized in 2007, under the Protect America Act (PAA), which was signed into law by President George W. Bush. The program was later expanded and renewed under the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which was signed into law by President George W. Bush and renewed by President Barack Obama in 2012. The program has been the subject of controversy and debate, with many US lawmakers, including Senator Ron Wyden and Senator Mark Udall, expressing concerns about the program's impact on civil liberties and privacy. The program has also been criticized by human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, which have raised concerns about the program's potential for mass surveillance and human rights abuses.
Surveillance Program
The PRISM program involves the collection of internet communications from major US technology companies, including Google, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft. The program uses a variety of surveillance techniques, including bulk data collection and targeted surveillance, to collect and analyze global communications data. The NSA has also collaborated with other intelligence agencies, such as the GCHQ and the ASD, to collect and analyze global communications data. The program has been used to collect a wide range of data, including email communications, chat logs, and video conferencing data, from US and non-US citizens, including journalists, activists, and human rights defenders. The program has also been used to collect data on world leaders, including Angela Merkel, Dilma Rousseff, and Vladimir Putin.
Technical Operation
The PRISM program uses a variety of surveillance techniques, including bulk data collection and targeted surveillance, to collect and analyze global communications data. The program involves the use of specialized software and hardware to collect and analyze data from major US technology companies, including Google, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft. The NSA has also collaborated with other intelligence agencies, such as the GCHQ and the ASD, to develop and implement surveillance technologies, including XKeyscore and Tempora. The program has been used to collect a wide range of data, including email communications, chat logs, and video conferencing data, from US and non-US citizens, including journalists, activists, and human rights defenders.
Controversy and Reactions
The existence of the PRISM program has raised concerns about privacy and civil liberties in the United States and around the world. Many organizations, including the ACLU and EFF, have criticized the program, arguing that it violates the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA). The program has also been criticized by US lawmakers, including Senator Ron Wyden and Senator Mark Udall, who have expressed concerns about the program's impact on civil liberties and privacy. The program has also been the subject of controversy in other countries, including Germany, Brazil, and China, where it has been criticized by world leaders, including Angela Merkel, Dilma Rousseff, and Vladimir Putin.
Legislative Impact
The existence of the PRISM program has led to calls for reform of the US surveillance state, including the FISA Amendments Act and the Patriot Act. Many US lawmakers, including Senator Ron Wyden and Senator Mark Udall, have introduced legislation to reform the US surveillance state, including the USA FREEDOM Act and the Intelligence Oversight and Surveillance Reform Act. The program has also been the subject of controversy in other countries, including Germany, Brazil, and China, where it has led to calls for reform of global surveillance practices. The program has also been criticized by human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, which have raised concerns about the program's potential for mass surveillance and human rights abuses.