Elsevier

Elsevier
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Name	Elsevier

Elsevier is a leading publisher of scientific, technical, and medical literature, with a rich history dating back to 1880, when it was founded in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The company has since grown to become one of the largest and most influential publishers in the world, with a portfolio that includes renowned publications such as The Lancet, Cell (journal), and Tetrahedron (journal). Elsevier's publications are widely cited in academic and research communities, including those at Harvard University, Stanford University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The company's content is also used by NASA, European Space Agency, and National Institutes of Health.

● History

The history of Elsevier is closely tied to the development of scientific publishing in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The company was founded by Hendrik Janus, who published the first issue of the Nederlandse Spectator in 1880. Over the years, Elsevier expanded its operations to include the publication of academic journals, such as Journal of Molecular Biology and Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, and books on various subjects, including physics, chemistry, and biology. The company's growth was also influenced by its relationships with prominent scientists and researchers, including Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Niels Bohr, who published their work in Elsevier's journals. Elsevier's history is also connected to the development of computer science and information technology, with the company publishing key works by Alan Turing, Donald Knuth, and Tim Berners-Lee.

● Products and Services

Elsevier offers a wide range of products and services to the scientific community, including online databases such as Scopus and ScienceDirect, which provide access to millions of research articles and book chapters. The company also publishes journals and books on various subjects, including medicine, engineering, and social sciences. Elsevier's products and services are used by researchers and students at universities and institutions around the world, including University of California, Berkeley, University of Oxford, and University of Tokyo. The company's content is also used by pharmaceutical companies, such as Pfizer, Merck & Co., and GlaxoSmithKline, as well as by government agencies, including National Science Foundation and European Commission.

● Controversies

Elsevier has been involved in several controversies over the years, including debates about open access to scientific research and the company's pricing policies. Some researchers and librarians have criticized Elsevier for its high subscription fees and its practice of bundling journals together, making it difficult for institutions to cancel subscriptions to individual titles. The company has also faced criticism for its role in the Serials Crisis, which has led to a decline in the number of academic journals and books being published. Elsevier has responded to these criticisms by introducing new open access options and pricing models, such as Article Processing Charges and Read-and-Publish agreements, which have been adopted by institutions such as University of California, Los Angeles and University of Michigan.

● Imprints

Elsevier has several imprints, including Academic Press, Butterworth-Heinemann, and Pergamon Press, which publish a wide range of books and journals on various subjects. The company's imprints are known for their high-quality content and are widely respected in the academic and research communities. Elsevier's imprints have published key works by authors such as Stephen Hawking, Richard Dawkins, and Jared Diamond, and have been recognized with numerous awards and honors, including the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. The company's imprints are also associated with prominent conferences and events, such as the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the International Conference on Machine Learning.

● Open-Access Publishing

In recent years, Elsevier has expanded its open access publishing options, allowing researchers to make their work available to a wider audience. The company has introduced several open access journals, including PLoS ONE and Scientific Reports, and has also launched a number of hybrid journals that offer open access options to authors. Elsevier's open access policies have been influenced by the company's relationships with funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health and the Wellcome Trust, which require researchers to make their work available open access. The company's open access initiatives have also been recognized by organizations such as the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the Directory of Open Access Journals. Elsevier's open access publishing options are used by researchers at institutions such as University of Cambridge, University of Edinburgh, and University of Sydney.