Action Française
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| Name | Action Française |
| Leader | Charles Maurras |
| Founder | Henri Vaugeois, Maurice Pujo |
| Dissolved | 1944 |
Action Française was a French monarchist movement founded in 1899 by Henri Vaugeois and Maurice Pujo, with the goal of restoring the Bourbon monarchy in France. The movement was heavily influenced by the ideas of Charles Maurras, who became its leader and main ideologue, and was closely tied to the Catholic Church and the French nobility. Action Française was also associated with the Dreyfus affair, which involved Alfred Dreyfus, Émile Zola, and Georges Clemenceau, and was a major factor in the movement's rise to prominence. The movement's ideology was shaped by the works of Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald, and Edmund Burke, and was influenced by the events of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.
● History
The history of Action Française is closely tied to the Dreyfus affair, which began in 1894 with the arrest of Alfred Dreyfus and continued until his exoneration in 1906. The movement was founded in 1899 by Henri Vaugeois and Maurice Pujo, and quickly gained popularity among French monarchists and Catholic conservatives. Action Française was also influenced by the Boulanger crisis of the 1880s, which involved Georges Ernest Boulanger and the French Third Republic. The movement's early years were marked by a series of anti-Dreyfusard demonstrations and riots, which involved figures such as Jules Guérin and Paul Déroulède. Action Française also had ties to the Russian Empire and the Romanov dynasty, and was influenced by the ideas of Vladimir Solovyov and Fyodor Dostoevsky.
● Ideology
The ideology of Action Française was based on the principles of monarchism, Catholicism, and nationalism. The movement's leaders, including Charles Maurras and Léon Daudet, believed in the importance of a strong monarchy and a unified French nation. They were also strongly opposed to the principles of the French Revolution, including liberty, equality, fraternity, and believed in the need for a counter-revolution to restore the Bourbon monarchy. Action Française was influenced by the ideas of Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald, and was closely tied to the Catholic Church and the French nobility. The movement's ideology was also shaped by the events of the Reign of Terror and the Napoleonic Wars, and was influenced by the works of Edmund Burke and Hippolyte Taine.
● Organization
Action Française was organized into a series of cercles (circles) and fédérations (federations), which were led by local leaders and coordinated by the movement's national leadership. The movement also had a number of youth organizations, including the Camelots du Roi and the Étudiants d'Action Française, which were responsible for recruiting and training new members. Action Française also had ties to a number of other organizations, including the Catholic Church and the French nobility, and was influenced by the events of the Dreyfus affair and the Boulanger crisis. The movement's leaders, including Charles Maurras and Léon Daudet, were also involved in a number of other organizations, including the Académie française and the Institut de France.
● Influence and Legacy
Action Française had a significant influence on French politics and society, particularly during the interwar period. The movement's ideology and tactics were studied by a number of other fascist and nationalist movements, including the Italian Fascist Party and the Nazi Party. Action Française also had ties to a number of other organizations, including the Cagoule and the Parti Social Français, and was influenced by the events of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. The movement's legacy can be seen in the works of a number of French intellectuals, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, who were influenced by the movement's ideology and tactics. Action Française also had an impact on the development of French literature and French art, particularly during the modernist and surrealist movements, which involved figures such as André Breton and Guillaume Apollinaire.
● Criticism and Controversy
Action Française was the subject of significant criticism and controversy, particularly during the interwar period. The movement's ideology and tactics were criticized by a number of left-wing and liberal organizations, including the French Section of the Workers' International and the Radical Party (France). Action Française was also criticized for its anti-Semitic and xenophobic views, which were reflected in the movement's pamphlets and newspapers, including L'Action française and La Revue d'Action française. The movement's leaders, including Charles Maurras and Léon Daudet, were also criticized for their involvement in a number of scandals and controversies, including the Stavisky Affair and the 6 February 1934 crisis. Action Française was eventually banned in France in 1944, following the Liberation of Paris and the end of World War II. The movement's legacy remains a subject of controversy and debate, particularly in France and other European countries, and is studied by historians and scholars of fascism and nationalism, including Robert Paxton and Stanley Payne.