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| south-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo | |
|---|---|
| Name | South-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo |
| Status | Vulnerable |
| Status system | EPBC |
| Genus | Calyptorhynchus |
| Species | banksii |
| Subspecies | graptogyne |
| Authority | (Gould, 1838) |
south-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo is a large, sexually dimorphic parrot subspecies of the red-tailed black cockatoo complex endemic to south-eastern Australia. It occupies remnant woodland and riparian habitats and is recognized for its glossy black plumage and distinctive red tail panels in males; females show barred patterns and orange-yellow markings. The taxon has been the focus of conservation action under Australian federal and state frameworks due to population fragmentation and habitat loss.
Described by John Gould in the 19th century, the subspecies graptogyne is placed within the genus Calyptorhynchus and the species banksii, historically debated alongside taxa recognized by Charles Darwin-era naturalists and subsequent revisions by ornithologists associated with institutions such as the Australian Museum, Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, and researchers publishing in outlets like the Emu (journal). Molecular studies employing mitochondrial DNA and nuclear markers have been compared with analyses used in studies of Psittacidae diversity and referenced in broader avian phylogenies alongside work by researchers at the CSIRO, University of Melbourne, and the Museum Victoria.
Adults are 55–65 cm long, with males showing prominent crimson tail panels visible in flight, a heavy black bill similar to specimens documented in collections at the British Museum, American Museum of Natural History, and National Museum of Natural History. Females and juveniles exhibit yellow-orange spotting and barring on the head and tail, a pattern also noted in taxonomic descriptions archived by the Linnean Society of New South Wales and illustrated in plates by Gould. Plumage comparisons have been made with other members of Calyptorhynchus, Calyptorhynchus latirostris, and morphological keys have been used by field guides produced by authors affiliated with the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria and the Australian National University.
The subspecies is found in south-eastern Australia, with core occurrences documented in parts of Victoria (Australia), southeastern South Australia, and limited records near Tasmania-adjacent islands; historic and contemporary atlases maintained by the Atlas of Living Australia and state agencies show contraction from former ranges recorded by colonial-era surveys. Preferred habitats include river red gum floodplain woodlands and stringybark forests characterized in regional conservation assessments performed by the Department of Environment and Energy (Australia), Parks Victoria, and the South Australian Department for Environment and Water. Habitat mapping projects with inputs from organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Australian Government highlight threats from agricultural clearing, infrastructure projects including regional rail and roadworks, and altered fire regimes studied in reports by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment.
Typically observed in loose pairs or small flocks, the subspecies displays social foraging and long-distance movements linked to seasonal resource availability, patterns analogous to movement studies funded by the Australian Research Council and conducted by teams at institutions like the University of Tasmania. Vocalizations comprise loud, raucous calls catalogued in bioacoustic databases curated by the Macaulay Library and used in comparative analyses with calls of other Australian parrots in publications from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Nest-site fidelity to large hollow-bearing trees has been documented in long-term monitoring projects undertaken by conservation groups such as BirdLife Australia, Greening Australia, and local Landcare networks, and these behaviors are central to recovery planning coordinated with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 processes.
Feeding ecology centers on seeds and fruits of native trees and shrubs including species of Eucalyptus, Allocasuarina (she-oak), and Allocasuarina verticillata, with seasonal use of introduced species recorded in agricultural landscapes studied by researchers from the University of Melbourne and the Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. Foraging methods include bark stripping and seed extraction facilitated by a powerful bill similar to that described in functional morphology studies at the University of Queensland and compared with patterns in other Calyptorhynchus taxa in peer-reviewed articles appearing in journals like Biological Conservation.
Breeding occurs primarily in large hollows of mature eucalypts, with clutch sizes and fledging success monitored by citizen science projects supported by BirdLife Australia and state wildlife services; these data have informed recovery actions under plans developed with input from the Australian National Botanic Gardens and academic researchers at the University of New South Wales. Nest sites are limited and competition from invasive species and native mammals has been documented in field studies collaborating with the Australian Wildlife Conservancy and local councils. Lifespan, age at first breeding, and recruitment rates are subjects of ongoing demographic research funded by bodies such as the National Environmental Science Program.
Listed as Vulnerable under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and protected by state legislation in Victoria (Australia) and South Australia, the subspecies faces ongoing threats from habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, land clearing linked to policies overseen by state planning authorities, altered fire regimes influenced by management frameworks employed by agencies like the Country Fire Authority (Victoria), and competition for nesting hollows exacerbated by timber harvesting and land-use change. Recovery initiatives involve habitat restoration projects coordinated with Parks Victoria, conservation translocation discussions informed by precedents such as work on orange-bellied parrot recovery, and community engagement through programs run by BirdLife Australia and regional Landcare groups. Conservation advocates reference international frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity while seeking funding from national grant schemes administered by the Australian Government and philanthropic organizations including the Myer Foundation.
Category:Calyptorhynchus Category:Birds of Australia