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parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is a major cortical region of the human brain involved in sensory integration, spatial representation, and attention. Historically studied by investigators associated with University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Johns Hopkins University, the parietal lobe has been implicated in disorders described in reports from World Health Organization and clinical centers such as Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic. Modern neuroscience debates about the parietal lobe have appeared in publications from Nature Neuroscience, Science (journal), The Lancet, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and conferences at Society for Neuroscience.
The cortical anatomy of the parietal region includes several cytoarchitectonic and sulcal landmarks studied by groups at University College London, Karolinska Institute, Max Planck Society, Columbia University, and Stanford University School of Medicine. Key gyri and sulci adjacent to the parietal region interface with structures investigated in classic atlases by Paul Broca, Korbinian Brodmann, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Korbinian Brodmann (note: Brodmann repeated here for historical atlases), and mapping projects such as the Human Connectome Project and initiatives at Allen Institute for Brain Science. The parietal cortex borders the regions associated with motor and somatosensory processing described in work from NIH, Brown University, Yale University, University of California, San Francisco, and Duke University School of Medicine, and its subdivisions have been compared across species in studies at Salk Institute, Princeton University, University of Tokyo, McGill University, and University of Melbourne.
Functions attributed to the parietal area include multimodal sensory integration emphasized in experiments by researchers at Bell Labs spin-offs, theoretical models from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and cognitive studies at Princeton University and New York University. Spatial cognition and visuomotor coordination linked to the parietal region have been central to research by teams at University of California, Berkeley, California Institute of Technology, University of Pennsylvania, Northwestern University, and University of Chicago. Attention and working memory roles have been delineated in paradigms developed at University of Oxford, Cambridge University, University of Edinburgh, Imperial College London, and Karolinska Institute, and clinical descriptions connect parietal dysfunction to syndromes documented at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free Hospital, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Mount Sinai Health System, and Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto).
Long-range connections linking the parietal region to frontal and temporal cortices have been charted by consortia including the Human Connectome Project, European Research Council-funded teams, and labs at Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, NIH, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and Riken. Specific tracts such as the superior longitudinal fasciculus and connections to the prefrontal cortex were characterized in diffusion studies at Massachusetts General Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Karolinska University Hospital, and Singapore General Hospital. Thalamic inputs and subcortical interactions were elucidated in experiments from Salk Institute, Scripps Research, Duke University, University of California, San Diego, and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Developmental trajectories of parietal circuitry have been mapped in longitudinal cohorts coordinated by National Institutes of Health, Wellcome Trust, European Union Horizon 2020, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation-supported projects, and child-development centers at Boston Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, and Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital. Age-related changes and cortical thinning in parietal zones appear in population studies from Framingham Heart Study, UK Biobank, Rotterdam Study, Whitehall II Study, and cohorts at Rush University Medical Center, University of Gothenburg, McMaster University, and University of Sydney.
Lesions affecting the parietal area produce deficits cataloged in case series from Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, and neurosurgical approaches were refined in centers such as Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, UCSF Medical Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Parietal involvement is central to disorders reported by Alzheimer's Association, stroke registries at American Heart Association, and epilepsy programs at Toronto Western Hospital and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, while rehabilitation protocols draw on guidelines from World Health Organization and specialty groups like American Physical Therapy Association.
Imaging and mapping of the parietal region use modalities developed at technology leaders including Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare, and research platforms at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, San Diego, and Karolinska Institute. Techniques such as functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography, and intracranial recordings have been advanced in laboratories at Max Planck Society, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Riken, NIH, McGill University, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Imperial College London, UCLA, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Translational applications and neuroprosthetic interfaces involving parietal circuits are under development by teams at DARPA, Neuralink, Facebook Reality Labs, Boston Dynamics research collaborations, Blackrock Neurotech, and academic spinouts from University of Pittsburgh and University of California, Berkeley.
Category:Neuroanatomy