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| millisecond pulsar | |
|---|---|
| Name | Millisecond pulsar |
| Type | Neutron star |
| Rotation period | ~1–10 ms |
| Discovery | 1982 |
millisecond pulsar
Millisecond pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars with rotational periods of order milliseconds. They occupy a key place in studies of compact objects, binary evolution, and precision timing and have been discovered and characterized through observations by major observatories and missions.
Millisecond pulsars were first recognized after radio surveys and timing studies involving observatories such as Arecibo Observatory, Green Bank Telescope, Parkes Observatory, Jodrell Bank Observatory and space missions like Einstein Observatory, ROSAT, Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton. Early theoretical context involved work by researchers at institutions including California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cambridge University. Millisecond pulsars have been cataloged by projects such as the ATNF Pulsar Catalogue, and studied in the context of stellar endpoints by groups at Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and European Southern Observatory.
The recycling scenario was developed through theoretical and observational efforts at places like Ohio State University, University of Manchester, Rutgers University, University of California, Berkeley and University of Arizona. In this picture, an old neutron star in a binary with a companion such as a low-mass X-ray binary, red giant, white dwarf or main-sequence star is spun up by accretion through a disk described by models from groups at Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Observatory and University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign. Angular momentum transfer and magnetic field evolution concepts were advanced by researchers affiliated with Columbia University, University of Oxford, Imperial College London, University of Amsterdam and University of Bonn. Observational tests have used targets in environments like the Galactic Center, Globular Cluster M28, Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae, Globular Cluster Terzan 5 and nearby systems cataloged by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
Physical models combine input from nuclear physics groups at CERN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Emission processes draw on magnetospheric models from work at Caltech, University of Chicago, University of Colorado Boulder, Northwestern University and University of California, Santa Cruz. Observations across the spectrum have been reported by facilities including Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Very Large Array, Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, Very Long Baseline Array and Hubble Space Telescope. Millisecond pulsars show stable timing and radio pulse profiles exploited by collaborations such as the International Pulsar Timing Array, North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves and European Pulsar Timing Array.
Detection uses techniques developed at Cornell University, University of British Columbia, McGill University, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics and Australian National University. Signal processing and pulsar searches have been implemented with instruments like PSRCHIVE pipelines and software from groups at University of Manchester, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Timing arrays and gravitational-wave searches involve coordination with projects such as LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo (detector), Square Kilometre Array and surveys from LOFAR, MeerKAT and FAST.
Companions range from helium white dwarfs and carbon–oxygen white dwarfs to main-sequence stars, brown dwarfs and ultra-light companions found in "black widow" and "redback" systems studied by teams at University of Sydney, University of Amsterdam, University of Bologna, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía. Interactions in tight binaries have been modeled with codes developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, European Space Agency and Space Telescope Science Institute. Observational examples come from populations in the Galactic Plane, Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae, Globular Cluster Terzan 5 and surveys like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Gaia (spacecraft).
Millisecond pulsars provide laboratories for testing general relativity and alternative gravity theories pursued by research groups at Cambridge University, University of Maryland, College Park, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University and Stanford University. They serve as probes for the interstellar medium studied by teams at University of Toronto, CSIRO, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy and Australian Astronomical Observatory. Timing stability makes them tools for the search for low-frequency gravitational waves through initiatives such as the International Pulsar Timing Array, North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves and collaborations linked to LIGO Scientific Collaboration and European Pulsar Timing Array. Precision timing has enabled constraints on neutron star equation of state explored by researchers at University of Arizona, University of Washington, University of Illinois and University of Paris.
Prominent examples observed and analyzed by international consortia include objects discovered or monitored via Arecibo Observatory, Green Bank Telescope, Parkes Observatory, Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and Effelsberg Radio Telescope. Notable targets have been central to studies at Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Jodrell Bank Observatory and University of Manchester. Survey discoveries contributing to the census were reported by collaborations associated with Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, XMM-Newton, Chandra X-ray Observatory, FAST and MeerKAT.
Category:Neutron stars