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| core-collapse supernovae | |
|---|---|
| Name | Core-collapse supernovae |
| Type | Astronomical transient |
| Progenitor | Massive stars |
| Remnant | Neutron star, black hole, supernova remnant |
core-collapse supernovae are explosive stellar deaths that mark the violent end of massive stars and seed galaxies with heavy elements. They arise when an evolved massive star's core undergoes rapid gravitational collapse, producing a bright transient and compact remnant while influencing star formation and galactic chemical evolution. Key historical observers, instrumental facilities, and theoretical contributors have shaped current understanding through coordinated observations and simulations.
Core-collapse events were identified during systematic surveys and theoretical debates involving figures and institutions such as Edwin Hubble, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Hans Bethe, Enrico Fermi, Bethe and Wilson, Walter Baade, Rudolf Minkowski, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Fritz Zwicky, Kip Thorne, Stephen Hawking, Martin Rees, Geoffrey Burbidge, Margaret Burbidge, Fred Hoyle, William Fowler, Donald Clayton, Alexei Filippenko, Richard McCray, Edo Berger, Stan Woosley, S. E. Woosley, Anna Frebel, John Bahcall, Giuseppe Cocconi, Carl Sagan, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, John Michell, G. Gamow, R. J. Gould, George Gamow; observatories and collaborations like Palomar Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory, European Southern Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, Very Large Telescope, Keck Observatory, Subaru Telescope, Large Binocular Telescope, Arecibo Observatory, Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Pan-STARRS, Zwicky Transient Facility, Vera C. Rubin Observatory and projects such as LIGO, Virgo, IceCube Neutrino Observatory all contribute to detection and multi-messenger analysis.
Massive-star progenitors result from stellar evolution models developed by researchers and groups including Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Eddington, Fred Hoyle, Martin Rees, Stan Woosley, Alexander Heger, Chris Fryer, Edvardsson, John Lattanzio, Icko Iben Jr., Paolo Mazzali, Norbert Langer, Sōichirō Nomoto, Keiichi Maeda, Aldo Serenelli, J. Craig Wheeler, Bengt Strömgren, Marta Zamora-Avilés, Philipp Podsiadlowski, Evan Scannapieco, Karel A. van der Hucht, Noam Soker, Shazrene Mohamed, Geoffrey C. Bower. Observationally constrained progenitors are identified in surveys by Hubble Space Telescope, Keck Observatory, Gemini Observatory, Subaru Telescope and linked to clusters cataloged by Henry Draper Catalogue, Messier catalog, New General Catalogue, Hipparcos, Gaia (spacecraft) releases. Typical progenitor pathways include hydrogen-rich red supergiants, blue supergiants, luminous blue variables, and stripped-envelope helium stars in binaries studied by groups at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Caltech, Princeton University, Harvard University, University of Cambridge, University of Tokyo, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Binary interactions invoked by researchers at University of California, Berkeley, Monash University, University of Chicago and University of Bonn produce types associated with observational classes discussed below.
The core collapse and revival problem has been addressed by theorists including Hans Bethe, Stan Woosley, Todd A. Thompson, Adam Burrows, Anthony Mezzacappa, Ewald Müller, H.-Thomas Janka, Matthias Liebendörfer, Christian Ott, Timothy Goodwin, Philipp Mösta, Evan O’Connor, Sean Couch, Andreas Burrows, Jim Lattimer, Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, Nikolai Kardashev, Lars Bildsten, Eliot Quataert, Edoardo Antonini, Daniel Kasen, Brian Metzger, Daniel Arnett, Robert B. Wagoner, W. David Arnett. Proposed mechanisms include neutrino-driven revival, magnetorotational jets studied by Alexander Burrows and Jonathan Arons, acoustic mechanisms, and collapse to black hole with fallback explored by Chris Fryer. Multi-dimensional hydrodynamics, neutrino transport, general relativity and magnetohydrodynamics are central; computational platforms and collaborations at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and university groups provide simulations.
Nucleosynthesis yields and remnant formation connect to work by Burbidge et al. 1957, William Fowler, Fred Hoyle, Donald Clayton, E. M. Burbidge, George Wallerstein, Stan Woosley, John Cowan, Friedel Thielemann, James Truran, Alexander Heger, Herman Feshbach, K. Nomoto, Christopher Sneden, Anna Frebel, Brian Schmidt, Adam Burrows, Kip Thorne. Explosive burning produces alpha elements, iron-peak nuclei, and r-process isotopes in some models; compact remnants are neutron stars or black holes with properties linked to mass and fallback in studies by James Lattimer, Christian Ott, P. Haensel, D. Page, Andrew Lyne, Don Backer, Frank Pacini. Remnant objects are observed as pulsars in catalogs compiled by Jodrell Bank Observatory, Parkes Observatory, and as supernova remnants like Crab Nebula, Cassiopeia A, Tycho's Supernova Remnant, Kepler's Supernova.
Light curves, spectra, neutrinos and gravitational waves are probed by instruments including Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray Observatory, Fermi (spacecraft), Swift (spacecraft), LIGO Scientific Collaboration, IceCube, KM3NeT, European Southern Observatory, Atacama Large Millimeter Array, Very Large Array, Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder. Classification (Type II, Ib, Ic, IIn, IIb) developed via spectral work by Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Rudolf Minkowski, Nikolai Romanov, Filippenko, Avishay Gal-Yam, Bruno Leibundgut, Alex Filippenko and photometric surveys such as Palomar Transient Factory, Zwicky Transient Facility, Pan-STARRS, Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Nearby neutrinos detected from SN 1987A linked to Kamiokande-II, IMB (detector), Baksan Neutrino Observatory provided decisive confirmation; multi-messenger detections remain goals of collaborations including LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA and IceCube.
Rates tie to star-formation histories measured by Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, GALEX, WISE, James Webb Space Telescope and galaxy surveys from Sloan Digital Sky Survey, COSMOS (astronomy) and CANDELS. Environments range from star-forming regions cataloged by Messier catalog and New General Catalogue to dwarf galaxies studied by teams at Carnegie Institution for Science, European Southern Observatory, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. Cosmic chemical enrichment, dust production and feedback affecting reionization and galaxy evolution are topics in work by Martin Rees, Piero Madau, Volker Bromm, Ralf Klessen, Naoki Yoshida, Alyssa Goodman, Joop Schaye, Simon White.
Numerical methods use codes and platforms from groups at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Princeton University, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Caltech, University of Chicago, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory and community tools such as those developed in collaborations with SciNet, XSEDE and supercomputing centers like OLCF (Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility), NERSC, PRACE. Techniques span general relativistic hydrodynamics, Boltzmann neutrino transport, magnetohydrodynamics and nuclear reaction networks employed by teams led by H.-Thomas Janka, Adam Burrows, Stan Woosley, Christian Ott, Ewald Müller, Sean Couch, Philipp Mösta, Evan O’Connor, Todd Thompson, with verification and validation against observations from Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra, Keck Observatory and survey data from Pan-STARRS and Zwicky Transient Facility.