This article was accepted into the corpus but its outbound wikilinks were never NER-processed — typical at the deepest BFS hop or when the run's entity cap was reached. No expansion funnel to show.
| clindamycin | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clindamycin |
| Tradenames | Cleocin, Dalacin |
| Routes of administration | Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, topical, intravaginal |
| Legal status | Prescription-only |
| CAS number | 18323-44-9 |
| ATC prefix | J01 |
clindamycin
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is indicated for skin and soft tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections, and certain gynecologic infections, among others, and is available in oral, parenteral, and topical formulations.
Clindamycin is prescribed for skin and soft tissue infections such as cellulitis and abscesses and is often used in combination with other agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections and pelvic inflammatory disease; typical clinical contexts include treatment following trauma in settings like World Health Organization outbreaks, care in Johns Hopkins Hospital-type tertiary centers, and perioperative prophylaxis in surgeries referenced by guidelines from institutions such as American College of Surgeons and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is a recommended alternative in patients with penicillin allergy in scenarios discussed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) where guidance from bodies like the Infectious Diseases Society of America and National Institutes of Health apply. Topical clindamycin is used for acne vulgaris in practices aligned with recommendations from the American Academy of Dermatology and in regimens compared in trials at centers such as Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic. In obstetric and gynecologic practice, clindamycin is used for bacterial vaginosis and pelvic infections following protocols informed by Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidance.
Clindamycin exerts its effect by binding to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis, a mechanism elucidated in structural studies associated with groups at institutions like Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. Its pharmacokinetics include good oral bioavailability and extensive tissue penetration, with metabolism and elimination profiles investigated in pharmacology units of University College London and Harvard Medical School. Intravenous formulations require monitoring for infusion reactions in settings overseen by organizations such as American Society of Anesthesiologists and are included in essential medicines lists similar to those curated by World Health Organization. Dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are informed by pharmacokinetic data from trials at centers like Stanford University and University of California, San Francisco.
Clindamycin is active against many gram-positive cocci and anaerobes; clinical microbiology surveillance from laboratories at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health England, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control track susceptibility trends. It has notable activity against streptococci, many staphylococcal strains, and Bacteroides species, while resistance mechanisms include methylation of the 23S rRNA via erm genes and enzymatic inactivation described in genomic studies from institutions such as Wellcome Sanger Institute and Broad Institute. Resistance surveillance programs run by World Health Organization, National Healthcare Safety Network, and national agencies like Agence nationale de santé publique document rising inducible resistance and guide local antibiograms used in hospitals like Mount Sinai Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal symptoms and injection site reactions frequently reported in pharmacovigilance databases maintained by Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. The most serious risk is antibiotic-associated colitis, particularly pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridioides difficile, an issue covered in clinical guidelines from Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Dermatologic reactions and rare hematologic effects have been reported in case series from tertiary centers such as Johns Hopkins Hospital and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and are summarized in drug safety communications issued by agencies like Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
Oral dosing regimens vary by indication and patient population, with adult oral doses commonly used in outpatient protocols developed at institutions such as Mayo Clinic and inpatient IV dosing guided by formularies at Cleveland Clinic and Massachusetts General Hospital. Topical and intravaginal formulations are dosed according to product labels approved by regulatory bodies including the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Pediatric dosing and neonatal considerations are informed by pediatric infectious disease divisions at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Great Ormond Street Hospital and by recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Clindamycin can interact with neuromuscular-blocking agents, a concern in perioperative settings overseen by American Society of Anesthesiologists and described in pharmacology texts from Oxford University Press and Elsevier. Concomitant use with other antibiotics can result in antagonism or altered microbiota, issues considered in stewardship programs at Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and hospital pharmacies in networks like Kaiser Permanente and Evelina London Children's Hospital.
Clindamycin was developed as a semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin in research programs linked to pharmaceutical companies and institutions such as Upjohn Company and later marketed under trade names by entities like AbbVie; its introduction changed management of anaerobic and gram-positive infections in hospitals including Massachusetts General Hospital and community clinics like those associated with Red Cross. Public health discussions about antibiotic stewardship involving clindamycin have been prominent at conferences hosted by World Health Organization, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, reflecting its role in debates over resistance, prescribing practices, and access in global health programs run by organizations such as Médecins Sans Frontières and UNICEF.
Category:Antibiotics