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| calcium-42 | |
|---|---|
| Name | Calcium-42 |
| Mass number | 42 |
| Protons | 20 |
| Neutrons | 22 |
| Half life | Stable (observationally long-lived) |
| Natural abundance | ~0.647% |
| Decay modes | Primarily stable; minor double beta decay searched |
calcium-42
calcium-42 is an isotope of calcium known for its role in isotopic studies and nuclear research. It is one of several naturally occurring calcium isotopes investigated by institutions such as Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CERN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Max Planck Society researchers. Interest in this isotope spans work by scientists affiliated with universities like University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Oxford and Harvard University and is relevant to experiments at facilities including Argonne National Laboratory and TRIUMF.
The isotopic composition of calcium in terrestrial materials includes contributions from isotopes studied at laboratories such as California Institute of Technology, Imperial College London, ETH Zurich, University of Tokyo and Peking University. Isotopic ratios involving calcium-42 are measured alongside isotopes like those produced or characterized at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, RIKEN, Brookhaven National Laboratory and Paul Scherrer Institute. Geochemical and cosmochemical contexts examined by groups at Smithsonian Institution, Natural History Museum, London, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Jet Propulsion Laboratory use calcium-42 for comparative isotope geochemistry and nucleosynthesis investigations linked to work by researchers affiliated with NASA.
Studies of nuclear structure for isotopes including calcium-42 draw on theoretical frameworks developed by researchers at Princeton University, University of Chicago, University of Michigan, Columbia University and Yale University. Experimental investigations at accelerator centers such as GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Institut Laue–Langevin, European Organization for Nuclear Research and Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut probe shell closures, neutron pairing and nuclear models relevant to calcium-42. The isotope's stability and potential rare decay modes have prompted searches similar to those conducted by collaborations associated with Super-Kamiokande, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Gran Sasso National Laboratory and Kamioka Observatory.
Production of enriched calcium-42 for research is carried out using methods refined by teams from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Nippon Steel, Siemens, GE research centers and academic groups at Tohoku University, Seoul National University and University of British Columbia. Isotope separation and enrichment techniques applied to calcium-42 are performed in facilities operated by National Institute of Standards and Technology, European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Sciences. Historical and modern production methods reference work by laboratories such as Bell Labs, AT&T Bell Laboratories, General Electric Research Laboratory and industrial partners like DuPont.
Calcium-42 is used in fields where isotope-specific tracing and nuclear data are required, with contributions from research programs at World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Applications intersect with projects at CERN ISOLDE, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source and National Synchrotron Light Source, supporting studies in material sciences by groups at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Uses also include work coordinated by museums and observatories such as American Museum of Natural History, Royal Observatory, Greenwich and Mount Wilson Observatory for sample provenance and age interpretation.
Analytical techniques for calcium-42 measurement are implemented by teams using instruments from manufacturers and labs associated with Thermo Fisher Scientific, Agilent Technologies, Bruker Corporation, PerkinElmer and Hitachi. Mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry approaches reflect methodology advanced at Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory. Calibration and intercomparison exercises often involve standards developed through collaboration with International Organization for Standardization, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, National Physical Laboratory and NIST.
The distribution of calcium isotopes including calcium-42 in biological and environmental systems has been reported by research groups at Johns Hopkins University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Washington, Cornell University and Duke University. Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic reconstructions drawing on calcium-42 data are associated with projects at Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, British Antarctic Survey, Alfred Wegener Institute and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Environmental monitoring and tracer studies have been coordinated with agencies such as Environmental Protection Agency, European Environment Agency and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Category:Isotopes of calcium