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| anticharm quark | |
|---|---|
| Name | Anticharm quark |
| Generation | Second |
| Charge | +2/3 e |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Mass | ~1.27 GeV/c^2 (antiparticle of charm quark) |
| Color | anticolor (red̄, green̄, bluē) |
| Discovered | 1974 (charm discovery; antiparticle implied) |
anticharm quark The anticharm quark is the antiparticle counterpart of the charm quark, appearing in high-energy phenomena studied by laboratories such as CERN, Fermilab, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and DESY. Research on the anticharm quark intersects projects at facilities like the Large Hadron Collider, Tevatron, LEP, HERA, and collaborations including ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, CDF, and BELLE II. Its properties and behavior inform work connected to theoretical frameworks from Quantum Chromodynamics and Standard Model studies to extensions explored at institutes such as Perimeter Institute and Institute for Advanced Study.
The anticharm quark emerges as an essential element in the particle zoo explored by experiments at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and observational programs tied to projects like NA61/SHINE and COMPASS. Its antiparticle role is integral to analyses by collaborations including ALICE, BaBar, CLEO, Belle, and PHENIX. Historical contexts link the anticharm quark to milestones at events such as the November Revolution (1974) and discoveries credited to teams at Brookhaven National Laboratory and SLAC. Theoretical dialogue involves figures and groups associated with Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, Abdus Salam, Murray Gell-Mann, and institutions such as CERN Theory Department.
The anticharm quark carries quantum numbers complementary to the charm quark and appears in classifications used by Particle Data Group compilations and reviews from Physical Review Letters and Journal of High Energy Physics. Measured parameters involve inputs from detectors like ATLAS Detector, CMS Detector, LHCb Detector, Belle II Detector, and BaBar Detector. Its electric charge is +2/3 e, mass scale considerations reference determinations by collaborations at Particle Physics Experiments and analyses performed at Max Planck Institute for Physics and INFN. Color charge assignments and confinement principles relate to work by researchers at Princeton University, Cambridge University, MIT, Caltech, and University of Chicago.
Anticharm quarks participate in strong interactions governed by Quantum Chromodynamics and in weak interactions described by elements of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix explored by teams at LHCb, Belle, BaBar, and CLEO. Decay channels and CP violation studies link to experiments at KEK, SLAC, Fermilab, and CERN and theoretical analyses from Niels Bohr Institute and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Measurements of lifetimes, branching ratios, and mixing phenomena connect to research by groups at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and universities such as Oxford University, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, and University of California, Berkeley.
Anticharm quarks are produced in high-energy collisions at facilities like Large Hadron Collider, Tevatron, Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, SuperKEKB, and HERA-B. Detection relies on vertexing, tracking, and particle identification technologies developed by teams at CERN Detector Group, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Brookhaven Detector Group, KEK, and DESY, and implemented in instruments from LHCb, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, to Belle II. Analysis methods draw on software and computing resources provided by collaborations with GridPP, Open Science Grid, CERN Openlab, and computational groups at Brookhaven National Laboratory, FNAL Scientific Computing Division, NERSC, and Fermilab.
Anticharm quarks combine with other quarks to form mesons and baryons studied by experiments such as LHCb, BaBar, Belle, CDF, and DØ. Notable hadrons containing anticharm components include states investigated in searches for exotic spectroscopy by groups at CERN, JLab, IHEP, RIKEN, and J-PARC. Studies of charmonium, open-charm mesons, and charmed baryons intersect with theoretical work from Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Jefferson Lab, and university teams at University of Tokyo, Seoul National University, University of Geneva, University of Manchester, and University of Bologna.
Evidence for charm and thus anticharm components was established during the November Revolution (1974) with discoveries by research groups at SLAC and Brookhaven National Laboratory, and further characterized by experiments at Fermilab and CERN. Important subsequent measurements came from campaigns and collaborations such as CLEO, ARGUS, Belle, BaBar, LHCb, and CDF with contributions from experimentalists associated with Stanford University, Columbia University, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Hawaii, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and SUNY Stony Brook.
The anticharm quark plays a role in testing the Standard Model, probing CP violation via processes scrutinized by LHCb, Belle II, and BaBar, and constraining physics beyond the Standard Model explored by theorists at CERN Theory Department, Perimeter Institute, Institute for Advanced Study, SLAC Theory Group, and IPMU. Applications extend to modeling in heavy-ion programs at RHIC, LHC, and experimental programs at J-PARC and GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, and inform lattice QCD studies conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Riken, Fermilab, BNL, CERN and university groups at Yale University, MIT, University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, Seoul National University, University of Pisa, University of Padua, University of Rome La Sapienza.