Vice President of Indonesia
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| Vice President of Indonesia | |
|---|---|
 Gunkarta · Public domain · source | |
| Post | Vice President of Indonesia |
| Native name | Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia |
| Incumbent | Ma'ruf Amin |
| Incumbentsince | 20 October 2019 |
| Style | His/Her Excellency |
| Seat | Jakarta |
| Appointer | Popular vote |
| Termlength | Five years, renewable once |
| Formation | 18 August 1945 |
| Inaugural | Mohammad Hatta |
Vice President of Indonesia is the second-highest constitutional office in the Unitary state of Indonesia, established during the country's proclamation of independence in 1945. The office has featured in the politics of Sukarno, Suharto, Sutan Sjahrir, B. J. Habibie, Megawati Sukarnoputri and other leading figures, balancing executive functions with the ceremonial and political roles defined by the Constitution of Indonesia. The vice presidency interacts with national institutions such as the People's Consultative Assembly, the People's Representative Council, and state bodies like the Supreme Court of Indonesia and the Corruption Eradication Commission.
Role and Constitutional Powers
The vice president's powers derive from the Constitution of Indonesia (1945), amendments adopted in the reforms following the fall of Suharto, and laws such as the Law on State Institutions. The vice president may assist the President of Indonesia in carrying out constitutional duties, participate in cabinet meetings of the Working Cabinet or ad hoc cabinets like the Development Cabinet, and receive mandates from the president for special delegations to bodies including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the United Nations General Assembly. In practice, authority varies: some vice presidents have chaired advisory councils, led commissions on economic policy linked to Bank Indonesia and the Ministry of Finance (Indonesia), or represented Indonesia to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Election and Term of Office
Since constitutional amendments in the post-1998 reform era, the vice president is elected on a joint ticket with the president via direct popular vote administered by the General Elections Commission (KPU), under laws shaped by the 1999 Legislative Election reforms and the 2004 presidential election precedent. The term is five years with a limit of two consecutive terms, aligning with the 2004 constitutional amendment framework and electoral processes used in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election and 2014 Indonesian presidential election. Candidates typically emerge from political parties such as the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, Golkar, Gerindra, Nasdem Party, and Democratic Party (Indonesia) often in coalition negotiations with stakeholders including the Corruption Eradication Commission and civil-society actors.
Duties and Relationship with the President
The vice president's duties include assisting the president, executing delegated tasks, and representing Indonesia domestically and abroad. Relationships vary: some vice presidents like Sutan Sjahrir and Mohammad Hatta were influential partners during the early republic, while others under Suharto were more ceremonial, and figures like B. J. Habibie assumed full presidential powers upon succession during constitutional crises such as the 1998 resignation. The working relationship implicates institutions such as the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia, the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, and interagency collaborations with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia).
Historical Development
The office traces to the 1945 proclamation era with Mohammad Hatta as the inaugural holder during the Indonesian National Revolution and within the transitional structures responding to events like the Linggadjati Agreement and the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement. During the Guided Democracy period under Sukarno the role shifted amid constitutional changes; under New Order leader Suharto vice presidents often held limited policymaking clout while serving as political symbols within the Golkar-dominated system. Post-1998 Reformasi led to constitutional amendments, the rise of democratic elections exemplified by the 2004 presidential election, and institutional reforms involving the Constitutional Court of Indonesia and electoral legislation, reshaping succession procedures and the vice presidency's public accountability.
Notable Vice Presidents and Biographies
Notable holders include: - Mohammad Hatta — inaugural vice president, nationalist leader, statesman involved with the Indonesian National Party and the Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia. - Sutan Sjahrir — early republican prime minister and vice president-era statesman linked to the Indonesian National Revolution. - Soeharto is not a vice president but shaped the role during the New Order; prominent vice presidents of that era included Adam Malik and Umar Wirahadikusumah. - B. J. Habibie — vice president who succeeded to the presidency during the 1998 crisis; associated with Indonesian aerospace development and policy reform. - Megawati Sukarnoputri — served as vice president before becoming president, leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle. - Boediono — academic and economist who served as vice president, linked to Bank Indonesia and fiscal policy. - Jusuf Kalla — businessman and politician who served non-consecutive terms, connected with Golkar and Palestine–Indonesia relations. - Ma'ruf Amin — incumbent, cleric affiliated with organizations such as the Indonesian Ulema Council and the Nahdlatul Ulama.
Each biography intersects with institutions like the Indonesian National Armed Forces, the Supreme Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung), and events such as the 1998 Indonesian riots and the 2002 Bali bombings that influenced national leadership dynamics.
Residence, Symbols, and Privileges
The vice president's official residence is located in Jakarta, and the office uses symbols including a vice-presidential standard and insignia adopted by state protocol offices such as the State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. Privileges encompass security provided by the Presidential Security Force (Paspampres), state transportation resources including aircraft registered with the Indonesian Air Force, and allowances set by laws enacted by the People's Representative Council and overseen in part by BPK (Audit Board of Indonesia).
Succession, Vacancy, and Acting Vice President
The constitution and amendments specify succession: the vice president succeeds the president in cases of death, resignation, or incapacity, as when B. J. Habibie succeeded Suharto in 1998. Vacancies are filled per constitutional mechanisms involving nominations by the president and confirmation procedures tied to the People's Consultative Assembly or direct electoral arrangements reformed after 1998. Acting arrangements and legal disputes have involved institutions like the Constitutional Court of Indonesia and the Attorney General's Office (Indonesia) during transitional periods.