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| Vanadium(III) oxide | |
|---|---|
| Name | Vanadium(III) oxide |
| Other names | Vanadium sesquioxide |
| IUPAC name | Trivanadium trioxide |
| Formula | V2O3 |
| Molar mass | 149.88 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Black crystalline solid |
| Density | 5.7 g·cm−3 |
| Melting point | ~1970 °C |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water |
Vanadium(III) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula V2O3, known commonly as vanadium sesquioxide. It is a transition metal oxide notable for its electronic correlations, metal–insulator transition, and use as a precursor to other vanadium oxides and alloys. Researchers across institutions study its structural, magnetic, and catalytic behavior in contexts ranging from condensed matter physics to materials chemistry.
Vanadium(III) oxide occupies a central place in studies that intersect Max Planck Society, Cavendish Laboratory, Bell Labs, IBM Research, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory research programs on correlated electron systems. Experimental work at facilities such as European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and Brookhaven National Laboratory has elucidated its phase diagram, with theoretical contributions from groups at MIT, Stanford University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and University of California, Berkeley. Applied interest has been pursued by companies including BASF, 3M, Dow Chemical Company, Siemens, and General Electric for catalysis and electronic materials.
V2O3 crystallizes in the corundum structure, isotypic with Al2O3 and similar to structures studied at Argonne National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Its lattice comprises distorted octahedral coordination sites around vanadium ions, producing V–V distances and V–O bond lengths that have been characterized by diffraction at ISIS neutron source, Institut Laue–Langevin, and Diamond Light Source. The bonding balances ionic and covalent character, informed by density functional theory models developed by researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Caltech, ETH Zurich, University of Cambridge, and Columbia University. Magnetic ordering and orbital occupations relate to theories proposed by groups affiliated with Niels Bohr Institute, École Normale Supérieure, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, and Tohoku University.
Typical syntheses include reduction of V2O5 using hydrogen or carbon sources, carbothermal reduction methods explored in laboratories at Imperial College London and Tokyo Institute of Technology, and direct high-temperature routes developed at University of Tokyo and Seoul National University. Chemical vapor deposition protocols have been optimized in research from University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign and Northwestern University for thin films, while sol–gel and hydrothermal methods have been reported by groups at University of Minnesota and University of California, Santa Barbara. Industrial routes draw on feedstock processes from firms like BASF and Evonik Industries for bulk production.
V2O3 shows a temperature-dependent metal–insulator transition near 150 K, a phenomenon intensively investigated by teams at Daresbury Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, CERN, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and Paul Scherrer Institute. Its electronic structure investigations have involved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy at MAX IV Laboratory and spectroscopic studies at Yale University, University of Chicago, and Johns Hopkins University. Thermodynamic properties have been measured by researchers at University of Oxford, University of Michigan, ETH Zurich, and University of California, Davis. Optical and transport measurements reported by groups at University of Pennsylvania, University of Toronto, University of Sydney, and McMaster University highlight strong electron correlations and anisotropic conductivity.
V2O3 serves as a precursor to VO2 and V2O5 through controlled oxidation or reduction, processes studied at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Toyota Research Institute, and Fraunhofer Society. It finds catalytic roles in oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions in work from Shell, ExxonMobil Research, and academic groups at University of Cambridge and University of California, Los Angeles. Thin film and switching applications link V2O3 to neuromorphic and memory device research at Intel, TSMC, Samsung Electronics, HP Labs, and Toshiba. Correlated electron behavior has been compared with problems investigated at Los Alamos National Laboratory and theoretical frameworks by researchers at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics.
Naturally occurring vanadium minerals such as patronite studied in collections at Smithsonian Institution, Natural History Museum, London, American Museum of Natural History, and Royal Ontario Museum are sources of vanadium that can yield V2O3 through processing. Mining operations in regions served by companies like Rio Tinto Group, Glencore, Vale S.A., and national agencies such as US Geological Survey and Geological Survey of India produce vanadium ores that industry refines into oxides including V2O3. Historical metallurgy research at Imperial College London and University of Birmingham details extraction techniques applied in South Africa and Kazakhstan.
Work with V2O3 follows safety guidance similar to that issued by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, European Chemicals Agency, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and institutional safety offices at Johns Hopkins University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratories at University of Washington and Purdue University implement engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and administrative procedures consistent with standards from International Organization for Standardization and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Waste treatment and environmental monitoring protocols connect to practices at Environmental Protection Agency, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Health Organization for vanadium compounds.
Category:Vanadium compounds