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| Ustilago | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ustilago |
| Regnum | Fungi |
| Phylum | Basidiomycota |
| Classis | Ustilaginomycetes |
| Ordo | Ustilaginales |
| Familia | Ustilaginaceae |
| Genus | Ustilago |
Ustilago is a genus of basidiomycete fungi known for causing smut diseases on grasses and cereals. Species in this genus interact with hosts across agricultural, ecological, and molecular research contexts and have been studied alongside notable institutions and scientists for their economic and biological significance. Research on these fungi intersects with multiple universities, research centers, and international bodies focusing on plant pathology and crop protection.
Taxonomic treatment of these smut fungi has involved contributions from taxonomists and institutions such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Smithsonian Institution, the French National Museum of Natural History, the Natural History Museum, London, and the Max Planck Society. Historical nomenclatural revisions cite authorities like Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, and contemporary classification integrates data from the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the American Phytopathological Society, the Mycological Society of America, and curated sequence databases at EMBL-EBI and the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Molecular phylogenetics utilizing contributions from researchers affiliated with Harvard University, Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Cambridge, and Kyoto University has refined placement within Basidiomycota and relations to other smut genera such as Sporisorium and Tilletia. Major surveys and monographs have appeared in outlets tied to Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and the Royal Society of London.
Morphological descriptions often reference microscopy facilities at institutions including the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, the Max Planck Institute, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Teliospores produced in sori are characterized in studies from the University of Minnesota, Iowa State University, and Purdue University, with scanning electron micrographs prepared at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Imperial College London. Life cycle stages—sporidia, teliospores, basidia, and sporidia mating—are central in work by researchers at the John Innes Centre, Rothamsted Research, Wageningen University, and CSIRO. Model organisms supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council have helped elucidate dikaryotic mycelium formation, cytological events monitored using techniques developed at the European Molecular Biology Organization, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and the Salk Institute.
Pathogenicity studies have been conducted in collaboration with agricultural ministries, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, and national research services in Brazil, India, China, Mexico, and South Africa. Host range investigations list economically important cereals and grasses studied at Cornell University, Texas A&M University, Michigan State University, the University of São Paulo, and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Interaction with host immunity has been investigated alongside groups at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, the John Innes Centre, the Sainsbury Laboratory, and the French National Institute for Agricultural Research. Comparative host specificity analyses reference work by pathologists at Kyoto University, Seoul National University, the University of Pretoria, and the International Rice Research Institute.
Descriptions of disease symptoms—including smut galls, sori development, and yield losses—are documented in extension bulletins from the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Economic impact assessments have been prepared in cooperation with the World Bank, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the African Union, and national ministries of agriculture. Regional case studies cite work from the University of Nebraska, Kansas State University, the Australian National University, the University of Buenos Aires, and the University of Pretoria assessing losses in maize, sorghum, oats, rye, and turfgrasses.
Diagnostic methods developed at labs affiliated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control include microscopy, culture techniques promoted by the American Type Culture Collection, and molecular assays from groups at the Pasteur Institute, the Broad Institute, and the Wellcome Sanger Institute. PCR primers, qPCR protocols, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays have been published by teams at ETH Zurich, the University of Zürich, Nanjing Agricultural University, and the University of Illinois, while remote sensing and field diagnostics have been piloted under programs by NASA, the European Space Agency, and national agricultural extension services.
Integrated management strategies draw on research and advisory material from the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, national extension programs at Oregon State University, Montana State University, and North Dakota State University, and private sector seed companies such as Monsanto (Bayer), Syngenta, and Corteva Agriscience. Cultural controls, resistant cultivars developed at CIMMYT, IITA, and CIAT, chemical fungicides registered through the Environmental Protection Agency and the European Chemicals Agency, and biocontrol trials from institutions like INRAE and Rothamsted Research are all components of published guidelines. Policy frameworks affecting deployment of resistant germplasm and phytosanitary measures involve the World Trade Organization, national plant protection organizations, and the International Plant Protection Convention.
Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have been advanced by sequencing centers at the Broad Institute, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, BGI-Shenzhen, and the Joint Genome Institute, with comparative genomics leveraging databases maintained by EMBL-EBI, GenBank, and UniProt. Gene-function studies employing CRISPR/Cas systems and RNA interference reference protocols developed at MIT, the University of California, San Diego, and the University of Tokyo. Research on effector repertoires, mating-type loci, and host manipulation cites investigators associated with the Max Planck Institute, the John Innes Centre, the Sainsbury Laboratory, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, integrating proteomics from the European Proteome Organisation and metabolomics from the Metabolomics Society.
Category:Ustilaginomycetes