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| United Nations REDD | |
|---|---|
| Name | United Nations REDD |
| Type | International programme |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Parent organization | United Nations |
| Headquarters | Geneva |
| Area served | Global |
| Focus | Forest conservation; climate change mitigation |
United Nations REDD United Nations REDD is an international programme established to support United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change mitigation efforts through reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The initiative operates at the intersection of multilateral diplomacy involving the United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, engaging countries, donors and indigenous organizations to design incentives for carbon storage in forests. It connects to global processes such as the Paris Agreement, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Sustainable Development Goals while interfacing with regional bodies like the African Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
United Nations REDD was launched amid negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and post‑Kyoto Protocol discussions to provide a mechanism addressing emissions from land use in Brazil, Indonesia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Peru, Colombia and other forested countries. Its principal objectives include reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conserving forest carbon stocks linked to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidance, promoting sustainable forest management informed by the Convention on Biological Diversity, and enhancing forest carbon sinks in line with the Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contributions. The programme aims to reconcile priorities of donor states such as Norway, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan and European Union institutions with recipient states and rights‑holder groups including Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization members and indigenous peoples represented by organizations like the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Governance of United Nations REDD involves institutional coordination among the United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations under a tripartite arrangement, with oversight by donor coordination fora including the World Bank and the Green Climate Fund observer relationships. Decision‑making occurs through country partnership agreements with national ministries such as the Ministry of Environment (Brazil), Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia), and comparable agencies in Malaysia, Mexico and Vietnam. Stakeholder governance incorporates multistakeholder platforms modeled after Convention on Biological Diversity processes and draws on technical guidance from bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and standards developed by Verified Carbon Standard and the Gold Standard. Legal and policy coherence is sought with international instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and national legal frameworks exemplified by statutes from Bolivia, Ecuador and Tanzania.
Financing mechanisms within United Nations REDD combine readiness grants, performance‑based payments, and blended finance drawing support from bilateral donors such as Norway, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan and multilateral actors including the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund. Payment modalities link carbon accounting to results‑based finance inspired by precedents from the Clean Development Mechanism and pilot programs under the World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. Private sector engagement has included partnerships with corporations in Switzerland, United States, Netherlands and investment vehicles influenced by actors like BlackRock and UN Principles for Responsible Investment, while safeguards on finance have been shaped by procurement and fiduciary standards of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund advice to recipient countries.
Implementation of REDD+ strategies has varied across pilot and partner countries including Indonesia, Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nepal, Vietnam and Colombia, each developing national strategies, reference levels and land‑use policies. Activities span policy reforms, law enforcement cooperation with agencies such as national forestry services and customs authorities, community forestry initiatives with indigenous federations like the Coordination of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin, and sustainable livelihood programs that connect to agricultural reform in Ethiopia and Kenya. Implementation interacts with regional initiatives like the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization and national land tenure reforms inspired by court decisions in Peru and legislative action in Philippines.
MRV systems under United Nations REDD rely on remote sensing technologies used by institutions such as NASA, European Space Agency, Norwegian Institute for Air Research and geospatial platforms developed in partnership with academic centers like University of Maryland and Wageningen University and Research. National greenhouse gas inventories are compiled consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and undergo technical assessments analogous to International Panel on Climate Change review processes, while third‑party verification has drawn on standards from the Verified Carbon Standard, Gold Standard and audit practices of firms tied to Ernst & Young and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Transparency mechanisms reference data portals used by Global Forest Watch and reporting channels coordinated with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat.
REDD safeguards integrate commitments articulated in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the International Labour Organization Convention 169, aiming to protect indigenous rights and biodiversity. Social and environmental co‑benefits have been promoted through community engagement with indigenous federations, non‑governmental organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International and Rainforest Alliance, and national ministries responsible for rural development and cultural heritage. Stakeholder participation mechanisms echo multistakeholder dialogues from the Convention on Biological Diversity and utilize grievance redress processes modeled on World Bank safeguards, while benefit‑sharing frameworks reference examples from Bolivia and Costa Rica.
United Nations REDD has faced criticism regarding measurement uncertainties, leakage, permanence and equity, with contested outcomes debated by scholars at institutions like University of Oxford, London School of Economics, Yale University and advocacy groups such as Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace. Controversies include disputes over carbon rights, land tenure conflicts in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, allegations of inadequate free, prior and informed consent raised by indigenous networks including the Tenure Facility, and concerns that results‑based payments may insufficiently address drivers of deforestation linked to commodity supply chains tied to corporations in Brazil and Malaysia. Implementation challenges persist in aligning REDD+ with national development plans in countries such as Nigeria, DR Congo and Cambodia, and in ensuring robust MRV and long‑term financing comparable to mechanisms under the Paris Agreement.
Category:Climate change mitigation