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| Ultra Violet | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ultra Violet |
| Classification | Electromagnetic radiation |
| Wavelength | 10–400 nm (approx.) |
| Frequency | 30–30,000 THz (approx.) |
| Discovery | 1801 |
| Discoverer | Johann Wilhelm Ritter |
Ultra Violet
Ultra Violet denotes electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible violet and longer than X-rays. First observed in experiments adjacent to the visible spectrum, it has been investigated in contexts ranging from Johann Wilhelm Ritter's early electrochemical studies to modern work at facilities such as the European Organization for Nuclear Research and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Ultraviolet radiation is central to research in laboratories at institutions including Harvard University, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and national agencies like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
The term derives from Latin roots used in early optical studies and was popularized following experiments by Johann Wilhelm Ritter and contemporaries in the early 19th century. Nomenclature has been standardized by bodies such as the International Commission on Illumination and the International Electrotechnical Commission, which classify bands (near, far, extreme) used in publications from the Royal Society and technical reports by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Historical debates over naming appear in archives at institutions like the British Museum and correspondences involving scientists associated with the Royal Institution.
Ultraviolet occupies the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays, with conventions set by the International Commission on Illumination and spectroscopic tables used at laboratories like Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The spectrum is subdivided into bands such as UVA, UVB, and UVC in standards from organizations including the World Health Organization and the International Electrotechnical Commission. Quantum interactions involving ultraviolet photons are described using formalisms developed at universities like University of Cambridge and University of Oxford and employed in instruments at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research.
Natural sources include the Sun—studied by observatories such as Mount Wilson Observatory and satellite missions by European Space Agency and NASA—and astrophysical objects observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Artificial generation employs devices developed at corporate and academic labs such as General Electric, Philips, Osram, and research groups at Bell Labs and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Common generators include gas-discharge lamps, mercury vapor lamps, excimer lasers pioneered in programs at Bell Labs and active in research at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and synchrotron light sources at facilities like the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.
Ultraviolet interactions with biological matter have been characterized in studies from centers including the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and university medical centers like Johns Hopkins University and Mayo Clinic. UV-induced DNA damage and repair pathways were elucidated in research involving the Nobel Prize-recognized work of scientists associated with institutions such as Université de Paris and Karolinska Institutet. Public health guidance from the World Health Organization and regulatory standards from agencies like the Food and Drug Administration address risks including skin cancer and ocular damage, with clinical trials conducted at hospitals like Massachusetts General Hospital.
Ultraviolet technology underpins sterilization systems used in healthcare environments like Cleveland Clinic and water treatment projects overseen by agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Photolithography enabling semiconductor fabrication is practiced at foundries and research centers including Intel, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, and facilities at IBM Research. Spectroscopy and material analysis leveraging ultraviolet sources are standard at institutions such as the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and chemical labs at California Institute of Technology. Forensics and art conservation apply ultraviolet imaging techniques in museums like the Louvre and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Measurement standards and calibration are maintained by organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology and performed with detectors developed at laboratories including Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. Instruments range from photodiodes and charge-coupled devices produced by companies like Hamamatsu Photonics to monochromators and spectroradiometers used in research at Argonne National Laboratory and metrology institutes like the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt.
Ultraviolet radiation plays a role in atmospheric chemistry studied by field programs involving the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, including stratospheric ozone research linked to agreements such as the Montreal Protocol. Remote sensing missions by the European Space Agency and NASA use ultraviolet instruments to monitor aerosols and ozone columns, with modeling work conducted at institutions like Imperial College London and Princeton University.
Category:Electromagnetic radiation