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| Type Ic supernovae | |
|---|---|
| Name | Type Ic supernovae |
Type Ic supernovae are a class of stellar explosions distinguished by spectra that lack hydrogen and helium lines, representing the core collapse of stripped-envelope massive stars. They occupy a place within the broader taxonomy of stellar transients studied by observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope, Keck Observatory, Very Large Telescope, Palomar Observatory, and surveys including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Pan-STARRS, Zwicky Transient Facility, and All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae. Research into these events connects institutions like the Space Telescope Science Institute, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and teams led by figures affiliated with Caltech, Stanford University, University of Tokyo, and University of Cambridge.
Type Ic explosions are categorized within the sequence developed by astronomers at institutions such as Palomar Observatory and the Mount Wilson Observatory and elaborated in catalogs from the International Astronomical Union and the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. They are interpreted as the endpoints of massive-star evolution modeled in frameworks advanced at the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris and by research groups at Princeton University and MPIA. Studies drawing on data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Swift Observatory, and the European Southern Observatory have linked some events to relativistic outflows and central engines considered in the context of Gamma-ray burst progenitor models proposed by researchers at NASA, European Space Agency, and universities such as University of California, Berkeley.
Progenitor scenarios invoke massive stars stripped by winds in environments like those studied by teams from Yale University and University of Oxford or by binary interaction modeled by groups at University of Arizona and University of Chicago. Candidate progenitors include Wolf–Rayet stars identified in surveys by the Anglo-Australian Telescope, Subaru Telescope, and Gemini Observatory. Theoretical frameworks for core collapse, neutrino-driven mechanisms, magnetorotational processes, and collapsar models are developed at centers including Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. Simulations performed on supercomputers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and National Center for Supercomputing Applications examine angular momentum, fallback accretion, and jet formation that link to work by researchers at Caltech, MIT, and Princeton University.
Observational campaigns using the Very Large Array, Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, and optical facilities like Subaru Telescope and Keck Observatory measure radio, millimeter, optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray signatures. Photometry from the Hubble Space Telescope and surveys such as Zwicky Transient Facility and Pan-STARRS provide light curves while spectroscopy from Gemini Observatory and VLT reveals line absence consistent with envelope stripping. Multiwavelength follow-up by teams at University of Cambridge, University of Tokyo, and University of California, Santa Cruz has connected some events to high-energy counterparts observed by Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and Swift Observatory.
Classification follows schemes refined by researchers associated with Mount Palomar Observatory, Harvard College Observatory, and the International Astronomical Union using templates from archives maintained by MAST and the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Type Ic spectra are compared against Type Ib and Type II examples cataloged from historic events like those analyzed at Lick Observatory and Mount Wilson Observatory. Work by teams at University of Oxford and Max Planck Institute for Astronomy distinguishes the ionic line identifications and velocity profiles using instruments at Keck Observatory, VLT, and Subaru Telescope.
Light-curve analysis employs data reduction pipelines developed at Space Telescope Science Institute and modeling codes from groups at Caltech and Princeton University to infer nickel mass, kinetic energy, and ejecta mass. Energetic explosions linked to central-engine models were discussed in the context of the Collapsar model developed at Caltech and expanded by collaborators at University of California, Berkeley and University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign. Bolometric light curves measured by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based surveys are interpreted using radiative-transfer calculations from the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and computational efforts at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Rate estimates derive from transient surveys such as Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Pan-STARRS, ASAS-SN, and Zwicky Transient Facility and are analyzed by teams at University of California, Santa Cruz, Ohio State University, and University of Toronto. Host galaxies range from star-forming dwarfs cataloged by Sloan Digital Sky Survey to metal-rich spirals observed with Gemini Observatory and VLT, with environmental diagnostics informed by work at Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and University of Cambridge. Studies linking metallicity and star-formation rate use observations from Spitzer Space Telescope and spectroscopic surveys carried out by researchers at Keck Observatory and Subaru Telescope.
Notable events include those associated with teams at Caltech and the Space Telescope Science Institute that connected specific supernovae to long-duration Gamma-ray burst counterparts observed by Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and Swift Observatory. Historical discoveries and classification refinements trace to personnel at Palomar Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory, and institutions such as Harvard College Observatory and the International Astronomical Union, with major publications emerging from collaborations involving Princeton University, Max Planck Society, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and University of California, Berkeley.