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| Traditional Neighborhood Development | |
|---|---|
| Name | Traditional Neighborhood Development |
| Type | Urban planning model |
Traditional Neighborhood Development Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) is an urban design model that emphasizes walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods, compact blocks, and a range of housing types to create human-scaled communities. Influenced by pre-automobile town patterns and formalized in late 20th-century planning discourse, TND combines principles from historical urbanism with contemporary policy instruments and design standards. Practitioners and critics alike reference examples across North America, Europe, and Australia to illustrate its effects on housing, transportation, and public space.
TND centers on a set of principles including walkability, mixed uses, transit orientation, public open space, and a clear public realm, drawing on precedents from Pierre Charles L'Enfant, Haussmannization, Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, and Camillo Sitte. The model favors compact block sizes, interconnected street networks, and a variety of housing forms, reflecting influences from Ebenezer Howard's Garden City movement, Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago (1909), and Jeff Speck's contemporary advocacy. TND promotes street-level commercial uses akin to corridors in Boston and Philadelphia, while integrating civic buildings modeled after those in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina. Design guidelines often reference the work of Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Leon Krier, and organizations like the Congress for the New Urbanism and the New Urban Guild.
Origins trace to 19th-century urban forms exemplified by Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and Montreal's core, as well as theoretical roots in Howard's Town Country Planning Association ideals and Camillo Sitte's treatises. Early 20th-century planners such as Patrick Geddes and Clarence Perry contributed concepts later absorbed into TND, alongside reactions to Le Corbusier's modernist plans like Ville Radieuse. The postwar suburbanization of Los Angeles and Detroit prompted a revival in the 1980s and 1990s led by figures tied to Seaside, Florida and the New Urbanism movement, intersecting with policy changes in regions like Florida and California. Academic discourse in schools such as Harvard Graduate School of Design, Yale School of Architecture, and University of Pennsylvania School of Design helped codify the approach through scholarship and charrettes.
TND employs street hierarchies and block patterns reminiscent of Washington, D.C.'s L'Enfant Plan, combined with the human-scaled proportions of Paris boulevards fashioned under Baron Haussmann and the public squares of Rome. Architectural diversity often references vernacular precedents from New Orleans and Savannah, with mixed-use buildings along primary corridors modeled after Boston's Back Bay and Philadelphia's Rittenhouse Square. Public transit integration looks to systems in Portland, Oregon, Zurich, and Copenhagen, while open-space networks echo designs in Central Park and Hyde Park. Infrastructure patterns align with principles advanced by Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk in projects like Seaside and policy frameworks from the Smart Growth Network and the Federal Highway Administration's context-sensitive solutions.
Implementing TND often requires zoning reform influenced by the Euclidean zoning debates and alternatives such as form-based codes promoted by institutions like the Planners Network and the Form-Based Codes Institute. Toolkits include conservation easements modeled after programs in The Trust for Public Land and incentive programs similar to tax credits administered by agencies like the Internal Revenue Service and state housing finance agencies. Municipal adoption examples cite ordinances in Miami-Dade County, Cary, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon, and funding mechanisms reference programs from the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the United States Department of Transportation. Public participation processes draw on methodologies established by ICLEI and the World Bank in urban projects.
Proponents argue TND produces social interaction and civic life seen in neighborhoods like Charleston and Savannah, economic vitality similar to Downtown Seattle and Old Town Alexandria, and environmental benefits aligning with findings from IPCC-referenced urban studies and reports by EPA. Research from universities including Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of California, Berkeley, and Drexel University links compact, mixed-use development to reduced vehicle miles traveled and increased transit ridership observed in cities such as Portland, Minneapolis, and Vancouver. TND’s diverse housing stock is promoted as a tool for affordability through programs modeled after Low-Income Housing Tax Credit implementations and inclusionary zoning ordinances in jurisdictions like San Francisco and Boston.
Critiques engage with issues raised by scholars and activists connected to David Harvey, Richard Florida, and Saskia Sassen, arguing that TND can catalyze gentrification and displacement observed in neighborhoods of Brooklyn, San Francisco, and Seattle. Legal disputes have involved municipal codes and covenants in places including Palm Beach County and Prince George's County, while debates over historicism and aesthetics invoke critics such as Charles Jencks and defenders like Christopher Alexander. Questions about scalability and transport mode shift cite comparative studies from RAND Corporation, Urban Institute, and Brookings Institution.
Notable TND examples include Seaside, Florida, Kentlands, Maryland, and New Haven, Connecticut’s transit-oriented initiatives, alongside international precedents in Vauban (Freiburg), Hammarby Sjöstad, and Porta Nuova (Milan). Case studies often reference municipal plans from Austin, Texas, Charlotte, North Carolina, and Raleigh, North Carolina, and evaluations by organizations such as Congress for the New Urbanism, Urban Land Institute, and Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Comparative analyses feature projects in Canberra, Melbourne, and Barcelona.
Category:Urban planning