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| The Greens–Greens of Germany | |
|---|---|
| Name | The Greens–Greens of Germany |
| Native name | Die Grünen–Grünen Deutschlands |
| Foundation | 1980 |
| Founder | Petra Kelly; Joschka Fischer; Herbert Gruhl; Jutta Ditfurth |
| Headquarters | Berlin |
| Leader | Ricarda Lang; Omid Nouripour |
| Colors | Green |
| Country | Germany |
The Greens–Greens of Germany is a German political party formed in 1980 that emerged from environmental movements, peace activism, and social movements in West Germany. The party has participated in federal and state politics, coalition governments, and European institutions, influencing policy debates in Berlin, Brussels, and international forums. Prominent figures associated with the party include Petra Kelly, Joschka Fischer, Annalena Baerbock, and Winfried Kretschmann, who have engaged with institutions such as the Bundestag, the European Parliament, and the Federal Constitutional Court.
The party traces roots to the anti-nuclear movement, opposition to the NATO Double-Track Decision, and activism around the Chernobyl disaster, connecting with groups like Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, and the Club of Rome. Early internal currents included the Fundamentalists, Realos, and Left Greens, which debated strategy during events such as the Green Surge and the Bundestag entry in 1983. Key episodes involved the 1984 European Parliament elections, the Maastricht Treaty debates, the 1998 federal coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Germany leading to Vice-Chancellor Joschka Fischer and Foreign Minister roles, and later participation in state governments in Baden-Württemberg under Winfried Kretschmann. The party's development intersected with figures and institutions such as Helmut Kohl, Gerhard Schröder, Angela Merkel, the European Commission, and the International Court of Justice.
The party articulates positions on environmentalism, social justice, and civil rights, aligning with strands of eco-socialism, green liberalism, and pragmatic Realpolitik. Ideological influences include the environmentalist literature of Rachel Carson and Hans Jonas, the peace tradition linked to Daniel Ellsberg and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and policy frameworks debated in the Bundestag, the Bundesrat, and the European Council. Platform documents reference international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the Aarhus Convention, and engage with legal frameworks like the Basic Law and rulings by the Federal Constitutional Court. Debates often cite economists and institutions such as Joseph Stiglitz, the International Monetary Fund, and the German Council of Economic Experts.
The party operates through federal organs including the Federal Council, the Bundestag parliamentary group, and state associations in Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, and Saxony. Leadership has included co-chairs and spokespeople; contemporary leaders coordinate with parliamentary leaders in the Bundestag and delegations to the European Parliament, interacting with bodies like the Council of Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly. Internal mechanisms draw on party statutes, congresses, and disciplinary tribunals; affiliated organizations include the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Green Youth, and party-linked think tanks that connect to universities such as Humboldt University and the Free University of Berlin.
Electoral milestones include first Bundestag representation in 1983, increased shares in the 1990s leading to federal coalition participation in 1998, electoral highs in state elections such as Baden-Württemberg, and participation in the European Parliament with Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) joining groups like the Greens/European Free Alliance. The party’s vote shares have fluctuated against competitors including the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Christian Democratic Union, the Free Democratic Party, Die Linke, and Alternative for Germany, with performance tracked by the Federal Returning Officer alongside polling by Forschungsgruppe Wahlen and Infratest dimap.
The party campaigns on renewable energy transitions, phasing out nuclear power, and carbon pricing mechanisms informed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the European Green Deal. It promotes migration reform with references to the Dublin Regulation and the Global Compact for Migration, advocates for digital rights citing the European Court of Human Rights and the Bundesdatenschutzgesetz, and emphasizes gender equality through policies influenced by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and equality agencies. Electoral campaigns have highlighted urban planning, public transport projects such as Deutsche Bahn reforms, and health policy debates involving the Robert Koch Institute and the Federal Ministry of Health.
The party has faced criticism over decisions such as participation in the 1998–2005 federal coalition, handling of asylum policy during migration crises, and responses to security debates involving NATO missions and Bundeswehr deployments. Internal controversies involved personalities like Jutta Ditfurth and debates over radical ecology linked to Squatting movements and Anti-globalization protests. External critiques have come from conservative parties including the CDU/CSU, centrist critics in the FDP, and leftist critics in Die Linke, with commentary appearing in outlets such as Der Spiegel, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and Süddeutsche Zeitung.
Internationally, the party is connected to the European Green Party, Global Greens, and collaborates with national parties such as the Green Party of England and Wales, Ecology Party affiliates in Scandinavia, the Green League in Finland, and Los Verdes in Spain. Its MEPs have engaged with European Commission portfolios, the European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, and transnational initiatives including climate conferences hosted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as partnerships with NGOs like Amnesty International and Oxfam.
Category:Political parties in Germany Category:Green parties