Texcoco (municipality)
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| Texcoco (municipality) | |
|---|---|
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| Name | Texcoco |
| Settlement type | Municipality |
| Subdivision type | Country |
| Subdivision name | Mexico |
| Subdivision type1 | State |
| Subdivision name1 | State of Mexico |
| Established title | Founded |
| Established date | Pre-Columbian period |
| Area total km2 | 171 |
| Population total | 257000 |
| Population as of | 2020 |
| Seat | Texcoco (city) |
| Timezone | Central Standard Time |
| Utc offset | −6 |
Texcoco (municipality) is a municipality in the State of Mexico in central Mexico, centered on the city of Texcoco (city). It occupies part of the eastern basin of the Valley of Mexico and has served as a pre-Columbian polity, colonial administrative district, and modern municipal seat tied to regional axes such as Mexico City, Puebla, Tula de Allende, Toluca and Zumpango. The municipality is notable for archaeological sites, colonial architecture, and contemporary institutions including Universidad Autónoma Chapingo and Centro Cultural Mexiquense Bicentenario.
Geography
Texcoco municipality lies on the eastern shore of former Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico, bordered by municipalities such as Chicoloapan, Chiconcuac, Ecatepec de Morelos, Tepetlaoxtoc and Acolman. The terrain includes remnants of lacustrine plains, the Sierra Nevada (Mexico) foothills near Popocatépetl, and volcanic deposits from eruptions recorded in Codex Mendoza-era annals. Elevation ranges from the basin floor near Lake Texcoco wetlands to higher slopes adjacent to Iztaccíhuatl, influencing microclimates recorded by Servicio Meteorológico Nacional and historical travelers like Alexander von Humboldt. Soils include lacustrine clays exploited by indigenous chinampa and contemporary agriculture noted in studies by Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
History
Pre-Columbian settlement in the area is associated with polities including the altepetl of Texcoco (altepetl), part of the Triple Alliance alongside Tenochtitlan and Tlacopan, and figures such as Nezahualcóyotl and Nezahualpilli. Spanish conquest linked Texcoco to expeditions led by Hernán Cortés and institutions like the Real Audiencia of Mexico. During the colonial period, ecclesiastical holdings by Franciscan Order and Augustinian Order reshaped land tenure; colonial architecture was influenced by masters recorded in the Catálogo Monumental de México. The 19th century saw involvement in events connected to Mexican War of Independence, Reform War, and reformist leaders such as Benito Juárez. In the 20th century, land reform under Emiliano Zapata-era policies and agrarian laws affected communities around San Luis and haciendas documented by Archivo General de la Nación. In contemporary times, municipal changes intersect with projects like the abandoned Texcoco Airport plan tied to administrations of Enrique Peña Nieto and controversies involving Gobierno del Estado de México.
Demographics
Population counts reference censuses by Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, with the municipal seat, Texcoco (city), as the largest locality alongside communities such as San Miguel Tocuila, Santa María del Monte, and Santiago de Anaya. Indigenous cultural presence includes speakers of Nahuatl language and descendants linked to altepetl traditions recorded by ethnographers like Miguel León-Portilla. Religious life is influenced by diocesan structures such as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla and festivals documented in works on Mexican ethnography by Guillermo Bonfil Batalla. Demographic trends reflect urbanization driven by proximity to Mexico City and migration patterns to urban centers including Toluca, Puebla de Zaragoza, and Cuautitlán Izcalli.
Economy
The municipal economy combines agriculture, services, education, and artisanal production. Agricultural products historically include maize and alfalfa, and modern cultivation is linked to research at Universidad Autónoma Chapingo and programs from Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Local markets engage merchants affiliated with organizations like the Confederación de Cámaras Nacionales de Comercio while tourism associated with sites such as Tetzcotzingo and colonial monasteries feeds hospitality businesses connected to Secretaría de Turismo (Mexico). Small manufacturing and crafts—pottery, textiles, and pulque production—intersect with regional supply chains extending to Mexico City and distribution centers like Puebla. Economic planning interacts with state agencies including the Gobierno del Estado de México and federal initiatives from Secretaría de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano.
Government and administration
The municipality is governed under the political framework of the State of Mexico with a municipal president and cabildo, interacting with legislative bodies such as the Congress of the State of Mexico. Municipal responsibilities coordinate with federal entities like the Secretaría de Gobernación on civil protection and with electoral oversight by the Instituto Nacional Electoral. Judicial matters are adjudicated within circuits linked to the Judiciary of the State of Mexico and federal courts such as the Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación for electoral disputes. Intermunicipal cooperation occurs through regional councils including initiatives related to the Valley of Mexico Water Commission and environmental accords connected to Comisión Nacional del Agua.
Culture and landmarks
Cultural heritage includes pre-Hispanic sites like Tetzcotzingo (royal gardens), archaeological remains tied to the Acolhua people, and colonial parish churches such as the former monastery of San Francisco and convent complexes recorded in colonial chronicles like the Relación geográfica. Museums and cultural centers include the Museo Nacional de Antropología-linked exhibitions and regional institutions like Centro Cultural Mexiquense Bicentenario and Museo de Antropología e Historia de Texcoco. Festivals commemorate figures like Nezahualcóyotl and include patronal celebrations aligned with liturgical calendars of the Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla and folk traditions studied by scholars such as Jacinto Rodriguez. Notable landscapes include the shores of former Lake Texcoco and engineered gardens influenced by hydraulic works comparable to colonial projects cataloged in the Archivo General de Indias.
Infrastructure and transportation
Transport links encompass federal highways that connect to Mexico City, Puebla de Zaragoza, and Tuxpan, along with state roads managed by the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Public transit services include regional buses serving corridors to Ecatepec de Morelos, Zumpango, and rail proposals associated with projects like Tren Suburbano planning documents. Water infrastructure interfaces with the Comisión Nacional del Agua and urban drainage systems tied to historic reclamation of Lake Texcoco and modern flood control measures influenced by engineering works studied by Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Educational infrastructure includes campuses of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo and technical schools accredited by institutions like the Secretaría de Educación Pública.
Category:Municipalities of the State of Mexico