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| Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas | |
|---|---|
| Name | Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas |
| Formed | 2005 |
Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas is a global compilation of marine carbon dioxide measurements that provides spatially and temporally resolved estimates of surface ocean partial pressure of CO2. It supports research on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Carbon Project, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, European Commission, and United Nations Environment Programme assessments by integrating observations from research vessels, merchant ships, and autonomous platforms. The atlas underpins analyses used by institutions such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Plymouth Marine Laboratory.
The atlas aggregates measurements of surface seawater CO2 fugacity and partial pressure collected by programs including Society for Conservation Biology-affiliated projects, Global Ocean Observing System, and regional efforts linked to Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission initiatives. It provides gridded fields and maps referenced in reports by World Meteorological Organization, World Health Organization, European Space Agency, U.S. Geological Survey, and academic syntheses in journals like Nature, Science, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Geophysical Research, and Progress in Oceanography. Contributors range from research centers such as Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, and Alfred Wegener Institute to national agencies like British Antarctic Survey, CSIRO, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer.
Data sources include underway equilibrator systems deployed on research vessels operated by institutions such as University of Washington, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Observations are supplemented by autonomous platforms from programs like Argo and SOCCOM and by volunteer observing ships coordinated with International Maritime Organization-registered fleets and programs associated with Global Drifter Program. Processing pipelines implement standardized protocols from bodies like International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project and use algorithms published by teams at Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre, and National Center for Atmospheric Research. Data interpolation, mapping, and air–sea flux calculations use methods developed in collaborations with Princeton University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, and ETH Zurich.
Products include gridded fields of surface pCO2, monthly climatologies, and air–sea CO2 flux estimates used by European Marine Observation and Data Network, Integrated Carbon Observation System, US Integrated Ocean Observing System, and regional observatories such as Plymouth Marine Laboratory-hosted datasets. Supporting files and metadata follow standards from International Council for Science, Committee on Data for Science and Technology, and Digital Object Identifier registration practices used by repositories like PANGAEA and Zenodo. The atlas outputs inform decision-makers at European Parliament, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Inter-American Development Bank, and Asian Development Bank as well as environmental NGOs including Greenpeace International and The Nature Conservancy.
Researchers at Imperial College London, University of California, Santa Cruz, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, and University of Cape Town employ the atlas to quantify regional carbon sinks and sources, validate remote sensing products from Sentinel-3, MODIS, and OCO-2/3 satellites, and drive models at Hadley Centre, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The dataset supports paleoclimate comparisons used by Smithsonian Institution curators, informs coastal management practiced by United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Environment and Climate Change Canada, and aids industrial stakeholders such as shipping consortia regulated by International Maritime Organization protocols.
Quality assurance procedures mirror standards from International Organization for Standardization and guidance from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change working groups, with data flagging and cross-calibration carried out in collaboration with laboratories such as National Physical Laboratory (UK), NIST, and university calibration facilities at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Uncertainty quantification employs bootstrap and Bayesian frameworks developed in joint projects with Columbia University, Yale University, and University of Michigan. Independent comparisons have been published alongside assessments by Royal Society panels and review articles in Annual Review of Marine Science.
The atlas is governed through partnerships among international agencies and research institutions including International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange, Global Carbon Project, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and regional consortia like Mediterranean Science Commission, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, and Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Funding and oversight involve entities such as European Research Council, National Science Foundation, Natural Environment Research Council, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and philanthropic supporters including Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
Originating from coordinated efforts in the early 2000s by groups at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and formalized with community input through workshops at International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme meetings, the atlas evolved with software and database contributions from NOAA, PANGAEA, and British Oceanographic Data Centre. Successive releases have been cited in landmark assessments by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and integrated into global syntheses by Global Carbon Project, reflecting a trajectory of expanding geographic coverage, methodological refinement with partners like GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, and adoption by operational services at Copernicus and EMODnet.