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| Super Proton–Proton Collider | |
|---|---|
| Name | Super Proton–Proton Collider |
| Caption | Conceptual diagram of a high-energy proton collider |
| Location | Huairou District, Beijing |
| Status | Proposed / Planned |
| Groundbreaking | Planned |
| Planned start | 2020s |
| Operator | Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Type | Particle accelerator |
| Energy | ~100 TeV (center-of-mass, planned) |
| Circumference | ~100 km (planned) |
Super Proton–Proton Collider is a proposed high-energy particle accelerator intended to probe fundamental interactions at unprecedented energies. The project aims to follow on research conducted at CERN, Fermilab, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and DESY by exploring electroweak symmetry breaking, beyond-Standard-Model phenomena, and precision measurements tied to the Higgs boson, top quark, and possible new particles. It has been discussed in the context of national initiatives by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with scientific planning involving institutions such as the Institute of High Energy Physics (Beijing), Tsinghua University, Peking University, and international partners including researchers affiliated with Brookhaven National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Imperial College London, University of Oxford, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The collider concept builds on technological and scientific legacies from Large Hadron Collider, Tevatron, Large Electron–Positron Collider, and Super Proton Synchrotron programs to address open questions highlighted by results from ATLAS (detector), CMS (detector), LHCb, and ALICE. It is framed within strategic research roadmaps discussed at meetings of the International Committee for Future Accelerators, European Strategy for Particle Physics, and national science policy fora such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Ministry of Science and Technology (China). Key proponents point to discoveries associated with the Higgs boson, neutrino programs like Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment and JUNO, and theoretical work by groups at CERN Theory Division, Perimeter Institute, and Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics.
Early conceptual studies reference designs discussed during workshops held by IHEP (Beijing), Chinese Academy of Sciences symposia, and bilateral exchanges with teams from CERN, KEK, Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino), and Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. Feasibility assessments drew on engineering experience from projects such as Beijing Electron–Positron Collider, RHIC, LEP, and accelerator R&D at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. Funding and priority debates have been informed by international reviews including input from European XFEL technical teams, ITER governance lessons, and advisory panels convened by Royal Society and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Design studies propose a ring of approximately 100 kilometres leveraging superconducting magnet technology similar to advances pursued at CERN and in collaboration with manufacturers associated with Siemens, General Electric, and industrial partners linked to China National Nuclear Corporation. Planned center-of-mass energies target roughly 70–100 teraelectronvolts to exceed the reach of Large Hadron Collider upgrades such as HL-LHC. Subsystems draw on detector concepts from ATLAS (detector), CMS (detector), and tracking developments pioneered at ALICE and LHCb, with electronics inspired by SLAC readout systems and cryogenic expertise from Fermilab and DESY. Magnet R&D references work by groups at CERN’s superconducting magnet program, Brookhaven National Laboratory’s magnet testing facilities, and materials research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory.
The scientific agenda includes precise measurements of the Higgs boson self-coupling, searches for supersymmetry signals investigated by collaborations including ATLAS (detector) and CMS (detector), probes of dark matter candidates considered in studies by Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope teams, and explorations of extra dimensions motivated by work from Stanford University and Princeton University theorists. Programs plan to study rare decays analogous to results from Belle II, flavor physics complements to LHCb, and connections to neutrino observatories such as DUNE and IceCube. Theory partnerships are envisaged with groups at CERN Theory Division, Perimeter Institute, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, and university departments at Harvard University and University of California, Berkeley.
Proposed siting in the Huairou District near Beijing leverages existing campus infrastructure of the Institute of High Energy Physics (Beijing), regional transport links to Beijing Capital International Airport and Beijing Daxing International Airport, and adjacent engineering resources similar to those used for China National Space Administration projects. Civil works reference tunneling methods applied in Channel Tunnel and Gotthard Base Tunnel projects, with geotechnical collaboration with entities such as China Railway Group and consultancies that have worked on Three Gorges Dam and urban infrastructure for Beijing municipal projects.
Timeline scenarios presented to advisory bodies range from phased construction spanning two decades to accelerated builds paralleling schedules used by European XFEL and ITER. Costing models have been compared to budgets for Large Hadron Collider upgrades, International Linear Collider proposals, and national flagship science investments like China's Five-Year Plans. Funding discussions have involved the Chinese Academy of Sciences, provincial authorities, and potential international contributions from agencies including European Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and philanthropic entities such as the Simons Foundation.
Environmental impact assessments are expected to reference standards applied in projects overseen by Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China) and mitigation practices used for major infrastructure like Three Gorges Dam. Radiation safety benchmarks align with regulatory frameworks from National Nuclear Safety Administration (China), lessons from CERN’s radiation protection programs, and occupational safety regimes advocated by International Atomic Energy Agency. Community engagement models draw on precedents set by European XFEL stakeholder processes and urban planning coordination with Beijing Municipal Government.
Governance options consider multilateral structures akin to CERN’s convention, intergovernmental arrangements similar to ITER, and consortium models used by LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Square Kilometre Array. Scientific oversight committees might mirror advisory panels from International Committee for Future Accelerators and funder coordination seen in European Strategy for Particle Physics. Potential membership and participation have been discussed with institutions including CERN, Fermilab, KEK, DESY, TRIUMF, National Centre for Nuclear Research (Poland), and university consortia at University of Tokyo and Australian National University.