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| Sulawesi Selatan | |
|---|---|
| Name | South Sulawesi |
| Capital | Makassar |
| Established | 1960 |
| Area km2 | 46216.64 |
| Population | 9180000 |
| Population as of | 2020 |
| Iso code | ID-SN |
Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Selatan is a province on the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi island in Indonesia. The province has a strategic maritime position adjacent to the Makassar Strait and the Gulf of Bone, with the provincial capital at Makassar. Sulawesi Selatan is noted for its diverse ethnic groups such as the Bugis people, Makassarese people, and Toraja people, and for historical sultanates including the Gowa Sultanate and Bone Kingdom.
Sulawesi Selatan occupies the southern third of the Sulawesi island peninsula, bordered by West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and the seas formed by the Indian Ocean, Java Sea, and the Celebes Sea. Major topographical features include the lakes of Tempe Lake and the rift valleys around Malili Lakes, while highlands reach elevations near Mount Latimojong. Key coastal cities beyond Makassar include Parepare and Bulukumba, and island groups such as the Selayar Islands lie offshore. The province's maritime corridors connect to major shipping lanes toward Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi Sea routes used historically by traders from Aden, Malacca Sultanate, and later Dutch East India Company vessels.
Precolonial polities in the region included the Gowa Sultanate, the Bone Kingdom, and the Wajo confederation, which engaged in regional trade and diplomacy with Portuguese Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Aceh Sultanate. Contacts with Europeans intensified after the arrival of the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century and the later competition with the Dutch East India Company and the British Empire. The area experienced colonial reorganization under the Dutch East Indies and resistance linked to figures associated with the Datu Museng lineages. During World War II, the province was occupied by the Empire of Japan and later integrated into the newly independent Indonesia after 1945, undergoing administrative changes during the period of Guided Democracy and the New Order reforms.
The population comprises major ethnic groups: the Makassarese people, the Bugis people, and the Toraja people, along with minorities such as the Peranakan Chinese and Mandar people migrants. Languages widely spoken include Makassarese language, Buginese language, and Toraja language, while Indonesian serves as the lingua franca. Religious affiliation is predominantly Islam, with Christian communities among Toraja people and small communities adhering to Catholic Church and Protestant denominations. Urbanization centers in Makassar and industrial towns like Pangkajene have drawn internal migrants influenced by national programs such as the Transmigration program.
Economic activities include fisheries centered on the Makassar Strait, agriculture producing rice, cocoa, and coconuts in plains near Maros and Bone, and mining operations in hinterlands with resources linked to companies interacting with Freeport-McMoRan-era supply chains. The port of Makassar serves as a regional hub connecting to Port of Jakarta and Port of Surabaya routes, while agribusiness and small-scale shipbuilding in Selayar Islands and Bira sustain local markets. Tourism tied to cultural sites such as Tana Toraja and conservation areas like Tanjung Bayang attract visitors from Australia, Japan, and Netherlands, also interfacing with national infrastructure projects under schemes initiated during the Joko Widodo administration.
Provincial administration follows the framework established by the Republic of Indonesia with a governor seated in Makassar and a provincial legislature, interacting with national ministries such as Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia). Local politics feature party competition involving national parties like the Golkar, PDI-P, and PKB, and figures who have advanced to roles in the MPR and DPR. Issues include resource management of marine zones adjacent to UN Convention on the Law of the Sea interests and decentralization policies derived from the post-1998 reform era.
Cultural heritage includes traditional architecture such as the Tongkonan houses of the Toraja people and maritime traditions of the Bugis people with vessels like the Pinisi. Performing arts include Ma’bugi and tournaments rooted in adat linked to the Sultanate of Gowa court traditions. Culinary specialties include dishes like Coto Makassar, Konro, and broths similar to sop buntut variants served in Losari Beach environs. Festivals include burial ceremonies in Tana Toraja and maritime events that attract delegations from Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore.
Transportation networks center on the port and airport infrastructures: Port of Makassar and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport which connect to domestic hubs such as Soekarno–Hatta International Airport and Juanda International Airport. Road corridors link to neighboring provinces via trans-Sulawesi routes and ferry services operate between Selayar Islands and Parepare. Rail proposals and past lines have been discussed in relation to national corridors like the Trans-Sulawesi Railway concept, while urban transit improvements in Makassar have included trials of Bus Rapid Transit feeding into projects supported by institutions such as the Asian Development Bank.