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| State of Johor | |
|---|---|
| Name | Johor |
| Native name | Johor |
| Capital | Johor Bahru |
| Area km2 | 19,210 |
| Population | 3.7 million (approx.) |
| Established | Sultanate origins c. 1528; modern form 1946 |
State of Johor Johor is a Malaysian state on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula centered on Johor Bahru, bordering Singapore and facing the Straits of Johor and the South China Sea. Johor links historic polities such as the Malacca Sultanate, Sultanate of Johor and interacts with modern actors including Federation of Malaya, Malaysia, British Empire and Japanese occupation of Malaya. The state is notable for strategic ports like Port of Tanjung Pelepas, industrial zones such as Iskandar Malaysia, and cultural landmarks including Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque.
The name "Johor" derives from Arabic jauhar via Portuguese language records, echoed in contemporaneous accounts like those of Tomé Pires and Antonio Pigafetta describing the Sultanate of Johor. State symbols include the royal Sultanate regalia tied to houses such as the House of Temenggong and emblems displayed at sites like Istana Besar. Flags and coats of arms reference Malay royal titles like Yang di-Pertuan Besar and historic treaties such as the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 that reshaped regional nomenclature.
Johor's history traces to the fall of Malacca Sultanate and formation of the Sultanate of Johor under rulers linked to Sultan Mahmud Shah and regents like Tun Sri Lanang. Johor engaged with regional powers including the Aceh Sultanate, Dutch East India Company, and Portuguese Empire and entered unequal arrangements with the British East India Company culminating in protectorate status under the Anglo-Johor Treaty. Twentieth-century milestones include incorporation into Straits Settlements interactions, occupation during the Pacific War, postwar alignment with the Federation of Malaya and subsequent formation of Malaysia alongside states like Selangor and Penang. Johor's twentieth- and twenty-first-century leaders engaged with figures from United Kingdom and Japan and negotiated investments involving corporations from China and Singapore.
Johor occupies peninsular terrain bounded by the Straits of Johor, Gulf of Thailand proximity, and adjacent islands such as Pulau Kukup and Pulau Rawa. The state contains ecosystems listed alongside sites like Endau-Rompin National Park, the Muar River, and the Johor River, with biodiversity overlapping with species studied by institutions like the World Wide Fund for Nature and surveys referencing Rafflesia occurrences. Development corridors such as Iskandar Malaysia coexist with conservation areas influenced by transboundary issues involving Singapore and maritime routes used by vessels to Port of Tanjung Pelepas.
Johor is a component state within Malaysia with a constitutional monarchy presided over by the Sultan of Johor, historically associated with figures like members of the House of Temenggong and tied to federal interactions with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong system. State administration links to institutions such as the Johor State Legislative Assembly and executive offices analogous to those found in other states like Penang and Sabah. Political developments involve parties including United Malays National Organisation, Pakatan Harapan, Barisan Nasional and personalities who have negotiated with federal ministries and international investors from entities such as Temasek Holdings and Petroliam Nasional Berhad.
Johor hosts diversified industries connected to multinational firms like Nippon Steel, shipping through Port of Tanjung Pelepas and manufacturing clusters near Pasir Gudang, Iskandar Puteri and Johor Bahru. Agricultural outputs include commodities historically traded with British Malaya and Dutch East Indies, such as palm oil companies akin to Sime Darby and rubber estates comparable to Kuala Lumpur Kepong. Infrastructure projects involve cross-border links like the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link, highways tied to the New Economic Policy era planning, and energy facilities comparable to plants run by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Tourist ports, industrial parks, and research collaborations have attracted capital from Japan, South Korea and China.
Johor's population comprises communities with roots in migrations associated with British colonialism, including Malay groups tracing ancestry to the Johor Sultanate, Chinese communities linked to cities such as Fuzhou and Chaozhou, and Indian diasporas connected to labor movements involving Madras Presidency. Religious landmarks range from Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque to temples reflecting connections with Buddhism and Hinduism traditions transported via networks linking to Ayutthaya and Chola Empire historical influence. Social services are provided by institutions patterned after federal agencies and local bodies akin to those in Kuala Lumpur and Penang.
Cultural life features performing arts comparable to Mak Yong and Wayang Kulit traditions, festivals such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri and observances tied to ethnic calendars evident in precincts like Taman Johor Jaya and heritage zones of Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple. Heritage tourism highlights include Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, Istana Besar, colonial architecture paralleling examples in Melaka and George Town, Penang, and attractions like Legoland Malaysia and eco-attractions in Endau-Rompin National Park. Culinary offerings draw parallels with Peranakan cuisine, street food common in Kuala Lumpur markets, and seafood traditions documented in regional guides.