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| Sound & Vision | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sound & Vision |
| Type | concept |
| Artist | David Bowie |
| Released | 1977 |
| Genre | Art pop |
| Length | 716 |
Sound & Vision
Sound & Vision denotes the interplay between sound recording and visual art as mediated by technologies such as photography, cinema, and television. It encompasses practices from music video production to multimedia art installations and informs disciplines including film scoring, graphic design, and stagecraft. Practitioners range from composers like John Cage and Brian Eno to filmmakers like Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick and institutions such as the BBC and the Smithsonian Institution.
The concept links traditions in opera and theatre with innovations in film and television, drawing on pioneers like Igor Stravinsky, Ludwig van Beethoven, Sergei Eisenstein, Dmitri Shostakovich, and Charlie Chaplin. It engages technologies from phonograph to digital audio workstations and practices evident in works by Walt Disney, Jean-Luc Godard, Fritz Lang, Werner Herzog, and Akira Kurosawa. Institutions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, British Film Institute, Library of Congress, and festivals like Cannes Film Festival and SXSW showcase the intersection of acoustic and visual forms.
Historical roots trace to Baroque spectacles at venues like Versailles and salons patronized by Ludovico Sforza and Catherine de' Medici, evolving through Grand Opera houses in Paris and Vienna and cinematic premieres at theaters in New York City and Los Angeles. Innovations include the synchronization achieved in The Jazz Singer, experiments by Edison and Lumière brothers, montage theories by Vsevolod Meyerhold and Sergei Eisenstein, and avant-garde movements led by Dada, Surrealism, and Futurism. Radio broadcasters like NBC and CBS and studios such as Warner Bros. and Universal Pictures advanced the fusion via soundtracks for films by Orson Welles, Alfred Hitchcock, and Frank Capra. The late 20th century saw transformative work from The Beatles, David Bowie, Madonna, and directors like Martin Scorsese and Ridley Scott in integrating music and imagery.
Technical developments include the evolution from analog recording and optical sound to multitrack recording, stereo, surround sound, and digital signal processing used by companies like Dolby Laboratories, THX, and Sony. Visual technologies such as Technicolor, anamorphic lens, digital cinematography, computer-generated imagery, and high-definition television influence synchronization practices used by studios including Pixar Animation Studios, Industrial Light & Magic, and Walt Disney Animation Studios. Techniques include diegetic and non-diegetic scoring seen in films by Bernard Herrmann, Ennio Morricone, and Hans Zimmer; montage and cross-cutting employed by Sergei Eisenstein and Alfred Hitchcock; and contemporary methods like motion capture and real-time rendering used in projects by Peter Jackson and James Cameron.
Research in perceptual integration cites work from labs at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Cambridge, Max Planck Society, and University College London exploring audiovisual binding, temporal ventriloquism, and the McGurk effect originally documented by Harry McGurk. Neuroimaging studies using fMRI and EEG at institutions such as Harvard University, Stanford University, and University of California, Berkeley investigate cortical areas like auditory cortex, visual cortex, and superior temporal sulcus implicated in multisensory processing. Theories by neuroscientists including Christof Koch, V.S. Ramachandran, David Eagleman, and psychologists like Daniel Kahneman inform how rhythm, timbre, color, and motion influence attention and memory.
Sound and visual integration underpins industries including film industry, television industry, video game industry, advertising industry, and live entertainment managed by entities such as Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Activision Blizzard, and Live Nation. Professional fields include sound design practiced at studios like Abbey Road Studios and AIR Studios, production design seen in collaborations with Sundance Film Festival alumni, and immersive experiences produced by companies like IMAX Corporation and Cirque du Soleil. Standards and regulation are influenced by organizations such as International Telecommunication Union and SMPTE.
Cultural debates involve creators and critics including Susan Sontag, Roland Barthes, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor Adorno addressing commodification, authenticity, and authorship in crossover works by Andy Warhol, Marcel Duchamp, Pablo Picasso, and Yayoi Kusama. Criticism addresses representation controversies involving artists like Kanye West, Michael Jackson, M.I.A., and directors such as Roman Polanski and Woody Allen while debates over copyright, sampling, and fair use engage institutions like ASCAP, BMI, and RIAA. Activism from groups such as Creative Commons and legal cases before courts like the Supreme Court of the United States shape policy.
Key milestones include The Jazz Singer, Metropolis (film), Citizen Kane, 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Beatles' promotional films, David Bowie’s multimedia performances, Aphex Twin videos, Michael Jackson’s "Thriller", MTV launch, and landmark albums produced at Abbey Road Studios such as The Beatles (album). Innovations in gaming audiovisuals appear in titles like The Last of Us, Half-Life 2, Final Fantasy VII, and cinematic franchises like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings. Festivals and institutions—Cannes Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, Sundance Film Festival, Grammys, and Academy Awards—recognize achievements in sound and visual integration.
Category:Multimedia