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| Serravallian | |
|---|---|
| Name | Serravallian |
| Time start | 13.82 |
| Time end | 11.63 |
| Unit | Epoch |
| Parent | Miocene |
| Chronology | Neogene |
Serravallian The Serravallian is a middle Miocene epoch unit spanning approximately 13.82 to 11.63 million years ago. It is defined by global chronostratigraphic markers and regional type sections that have been studied by institutions such as the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the United States Geological Survey, the Geological Society of London, and the Italian Geological Survey. Key researchers and institutions involved in Serravallian stratigraphy include Cesare Emiliani, Wladimir Köppen (in climate context), James Hutton-inspired modern stratigraphers at the Natural History Museum, London, and regional teams from the University of Milan, Stanford University, University of Vienna, and the Smithsonian Institution.
The Serravallian was formally ratified by bodies such as the International Union of Geological Sciences via proposals circulated through the International Commission on Stratigraphy working groups. Its base is tied to first appearances and magnetostratigraphic reversal boundaries commonly correlated with the Geologic Time Scale frameworks used by the United States Geological Survey and the European Geosciences Union. The top of the Serravallian coincides with bio- and magnetostratigraphic markers applied by researchers at the Max Planck Society-affiliated paleoclimatology groups and the Paleontological Society. Global stage boundaries have been synchronized using oxygen isotope events studied by teams at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Stratigraphically, the Serravallian is subdivided into substages and regional chronozones defined by micropaleontological and biostratigraphic markers recognized in sequences described by the Geological Survey of Canada, the British Geological Survey, and the Italian Geological Geological Survey. Major subdivisions reference planktonic foraminiferal zones correlated to the zonation schemes developed by researchers at the University of Cambridge and the University of Bonn. Lithostratigraphic units containing Serravallian deposits have been mapped by the Spanish Geological Survey, the Greek Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, and the Turkish Petroleum Corporation-funded teams, with sequence stratigraphy approaches advanced through collaborations involving the American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
Paleogeographic reconstructions for the Serravallian incorporate work from the Paleomap Project, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration paleoclimate divisions. Tectonic events influencing Serravallian depositional patterns include continuing collision dynamics along the Alpine orogeny, the Himalayan orogeny, and regional transtensional regimes documented in studies by the Geological Survey of India and the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Plate reorganizations affecting gateways such as the Tethys Sea remnants and the Mediterranean Sea connection with the Atlantic Ocean have been highlighted in syntheses produced by the European Commission-funded networks and the International Ocean Discovery Program.
Serravallian climate interpretations draw on oxygen isotope records and marine core analyses from institutions like the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Alfred Wegener Institute, and the National Centre for Atmospheric Research. The stage witnessed the middle Miocene climatic transitions recorded in isotope excursions that were examined by researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz and the National Oceanography Centre, UK. Sea level changes, anoxia events, and circulation shifts in basins such as the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Pacific Ocean have been analyzed by teams at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and the Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology.
Biostratigraphic frameworks for the Serravallian utilize planktonic foraminifera, nannofossils, and diatom zonations developed by specialists at the Natural History Museum, Paris, the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. Notable fossil assemblages include marine vertebrates and mollusks reported from sites explored by the University of Barcelona, the University of Tübingen, and the University of Chile. Terrestrial records containing mammalian faunas and plant macrofossils were contributed by field programs at the University of Buenos Aires, the University of Tokyo, and the University of California, Berkeley.
Serravallian strata host hydrocarbon source and reservoir intervals investigated by industry and academia including the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Petrobras, and the Shell exploration teams. Evaporite deposits, phosphorites, and carbonate platforms of Serravallian age have been evaluated by the Mineral Resources Authority of Egypt, the Geological Survey of Iran, and consultants associated with the International Energy Agency. Coal-bearing and lignite-bearing sequences interpreted as Serravallian in parts of Europe and Asia have been reported in assessments by the European Coal and Steel Community archives and national geological surveys.
The type locality and reference sections for the Serravallian were established in sections studied near Serravalle, Italy, with foundational stratigraphic descriptions appearing in publications from the Italian Geological Survey and researchers affiliated with the University of Milan and the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Regional correlation schemes tying Mediterranean reference sections to Atlantic, Pacific, and Indo-Pacific records have been advanced by consortia including the International Ocean Discovery Program, the European Marine Board, and the International Geoscience Programme. These correlations underpin global stage charts used by bodies such as the International Commission on Stratigraphy and inform ongoing research at universities and research institutes worldwide.
Category:Miocene epochs