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| SDG 11 | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sustainable Development Goal 11 |
| Goal number | 11 |
| Focus | Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable |
| Adopted | 2015 |
| Parent | United Nations |
SDG 11
SDG 11 aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. It connects urbanization, infrastructure, disaster risk, housing and cultural heritage through targets that intersect with global agendas such as the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the New Urban Agenda. Implementation engages actors including the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and local authorities like the City of New York, the City of London, and the Municipality of São Paulo.
SDG 11 frames urban sustainability around accessibility, resilience and land use, emphasizing safe housing, affordable transport, air quality and green space. It builds on precedents such as the Habitat II Conference, the Millennium Development Goals, and the Brundtland Commission report, aligning with instruments like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Core stakeholders include municipal networks such as United Cities and Local Governments, financing institutions like the European Investment Bank, and research centres like the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Targets address housing, slums, transport, inclusive planning, heritage protection, disaster resilience and environmental impact. Indicators draw from statistical systems used by the United Nations Statistics Division, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Health Organization. Examples include measures of access to public transport used in analyses by the International Association of Public Transport, counts of slum dwellers tracked by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, and air quality metrics developed by the European Environment Agency. Heritage indicators reference inventories maintained by UNESCO and risk indices by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Policy mixes combine land-use regulation, transport planning, housing policy and climate adaptation. Cities implement zoning and transit-oriented development inspired by models from Copenhagen Municipality, Singapore, and Curitiba. Affordable housing programs draw on precedents from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, the National Housing Bank (India), and the Johannesburg Housing Company. Disaster resilience strategies reference practice from Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Rotterdam, and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and use tools developed by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability and the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy.
Progress reporting uses national voluntary reviews presented at the United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, supplemented by datasets from the World Bank Open Data, the Global Urban Observatory, and the UN-Habitat Global Urban Indicators Database. Independent assessments come from institutions such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the World Resources Institute, and the Rockefeller Foundation’s resilience programs. Urban indices produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey provide comparative assessments of livability, while heritage status updates are published by UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Rapid urbanization driven by population shifts documented by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and migration flows analyzed by the International Organization for Migration strains infrastructure and services. Informality and slum proliferation echo findings from the International Labour Organization and complicate tenure regularization efforts seen in pilot projects by the World Bank and UN-Habitat. Financing gaps highlighted by the International Finance Corporation interact with governance fragmentation in metropolitan regions like Lagos, Mumbai, and Mexico City. Climate hazards emphasized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change increase exposure in low-elevation coastal zones studied by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and heritage vulnerabilities catalogued by ICOMOS.
Regional initiatives include the European Union’s urban agenda, the African Union’s urban development strategies, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations cooperation on resilient cities. Country-level examples: Brazil’s participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, South Africa’s Reconstruction and Development Programme in Cape Town, Japan’s earthquake-resilient building codes implemented in Kobe, Colombia’s integrated public transport reforms in Bogotá, and Rwanda’s planned city initiatives in Kigali. Multilateral projects by the Asian Development Bank and the African Development Bank showcase infrastructure financing and slum upgrading across regions.
Financing mixes public budgets, municipal bonds, multilateral climate funds and private investment. Instruments include green bonds issued by cities like Gothenburg and initiatives by the European Investment Bank and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Blended finance platforms coordinated by the Global Infrastructure Facility and the Green Climate Fund support adaptation projects, while technical assistance comes from organizations such as the UN Capital Development Fund and Habitat for Humanity. Philanthropic engagement from entities like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation complements commercial financing mobilized through the International Finance Corporation.