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| Research Council | |
|---|---|
| Name | Research Council |
| Formation | 20th century |
| Type | Funding agency |
| Headquarters | Capital city |
| Leader title | Chair |
| Leader name | Director Name |
Research Council
The Research Council is a national or regional funding agency that supports scientific, technical, and scholarly research across disciplines, interacting with institutions such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, Stanford University, Harvard University, California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of Cambridge, Yale University, Columbia University, University of Tokyo, ETH Zurich, University of California, Berkeley, Imperial College London', University of Toronto, University of Melbourne, Peking University, Tsinghua University, National University of Singapore, Seoul National University, University of Chicago, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pennsylvania, Karolinska Institute, Max Planck Society, Fraunhofer Society, Riken, Chinese Academy of Sciences, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, CERN, European Space Agency, NASA, National Institutes of Health, Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Royal Society, National Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Australian Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Humanities and Social Sciences Research Council, Science and Technology Facilities Council, European Research Council, Horizon 2020, Framework Programme 7, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, ERC Starting Grant, ERC Consolidator Grant, ERC Advanced Grant, NSF CAREER Award, NIH R01, Gates Cambridge Scholarship, Rhodes Scholarship, Fulbright Program, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, World Health Organization, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, G7, G20, BRICS.
The institutionalization of national science funding traces influences from Royal Society, Académie des Sciences, Prussian Academy of Sciences, National Research Council (United States), Mendelian genetics, Industrial Revolution, Manhattan Project, Vannevar Bush, Science Policy Research Unit, Cold War, Sputnik crisis, Space Race, Apollo program, Human Genome Project, CERN experiments, Manhattan Project, Bayh–Dole Act, Dawkins Report, Bologna Process, Lisbon Strategy, Green Revolution, Cuban Missile Crisis, NATO, European Coal and Steel Community, Treaty of Rome, Single European Act, Treaty of Maastricht, Lisbon Treaty, Seveso Directive, Montreal Protocol, Paris Agreement that shaped priorities, leading to partnerships with institutions like Salk Institute, Pasteur Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sloan Foundation, Royal Institution.
Governance models mirror boards and advisory panels found in National Science Foundation, Wellcome Trust, European Research Council, National Institutes of Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Australian Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Humanities and Social Sciences Research Council, and include roles similar to chairs in Royal Society, presidents in Max Planck Society, directors in Riken, trustees in Wellcome Trust, committees akin to Nobel Committee, panels like those of Medical Research Council (United Kingdom), and ethics boards resembling Helsinki Committee, Institutional Review Board. Administrative units coordinate with ministries such as Ministry of Education (various countries), Ministry of Science and Technology (various countries), Department of Energy (United States), Department of Health and Human Services (United States), national academies like National Academy of Sciences (United States), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, as well as international bodies including European Commission, United Nations, and philanthropic partners such as Gates Foundation.
Budgetary cycles and grant portfolios reflect practices seen in Horizon 2020, Framework Programme 7, FP9, National Science Foundation, NIH, Wellcome Trust, ERC grants, Gates Foundation programs, and are influenced by macroeconomic instruments like Budget deficit, Fiscal policy, Austerity measures, and international agreements including World Trade Organization frameworks. Allocation mechanisms use peer review systems akin to Peer review in academic publishing, panels modeled on ERC peer review, and performance metrics paralleling Research Excellence Framework, Times Higher Education World University Rankings, QS World University Rankings, ShanghaiRanking.
Primary functions parallel those of National Science Foundation, NIH, ERC, Wellcome Trust, DFG (German Research Foundation), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, European Molecular Biology Organization, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, providing investigator-led funding like NIH R01, programmatic initiatives similar to Human Genome Project, translational pipelines comparable to Translational research exemplified by Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, infrastructure funding for facilities like CERN, synchrotrons such as Diamond Light Source, computing resources akin to European Grid Infrastructure, and fellowship schemes mirroring Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Fulbright Program, Rhodes Scholarship.
Program portfolios include thematic calls related to projects like Human Genome Project, ITER, Square Kilometre Array, Large Hadron Collider, James Webb Space Telescope, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, collaborative networks similar to CERN collaborations, consortia resembling EU COST Actions, and mobility schemes comparable to Marie Curie Actions. Grant types span fellowships like ERC Starting Grant, career awards like NSF CAREER, project grants such as NIH R01, infrastructure grants akin to EPSRC Capital Grants, and prizes reminiscent of Nobel Prize, Lasker Award, Breakthrough Prize.
Evaluation frameworks draw on models like Research Excellence Framework, H-index, Altmetrics, Leiden Ranking, Impact Factor, Scimago Journal Rank, and national exercises such as REF 2014, REF 2021. Outcomes include contributions to breakthroughs exemplified by CRISPR-Cas9, penicillin, polio vaccine, mRNA vaccine, graphene, semiconductor transistor, laser, GPS technology, climate models used by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and influence on innovation systems related to Silicon Valley, Shenzhen, Biotech clusters.
Common critiques reflect debates seen around Bayh–Dole Act, peer review controversies, p-hacking, replication crisis, ethics scandals involving Tuskegee syphilis study, HeLa cells, and tensions from industrial partnerships like those examined in controversies involving Monsanto, Bayer, Pharmaceutical industry cases, as well as political interference allegations similar to debates involving Science under the Trump administration, Lysenkoism, McCarthyism, and disputes over funding priorities reminiscent of discussions about military-industrial complex, defense research initiatives, and regional disparities highlighted by Brain drain.
Category:Research funding organizations