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| Republic of Spain | |
|---|---|
| Conventional long name | Republic of Spain |
| Common name | Spain |
| Capital | Madrid |
| Largest city | Madrid |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Ethnic groups | Basques, Catalans, Galicians, Andalusians, Aragonese |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Area km2 | 505990 |
| Population estimate | 47 million |
| Currency | Euro (EUR) |
| Government type | Parliamentary republic |
| Established event1 | Proclaimed |
| Established date1 | 20th century (various) |
Republic of Spain The Republic of Spain refers to a political concept and historical periods in the territory of the Iberian Peninsula centered on Madrid, encompassing episodes such as the First Spanish Republic and the Second Spanish Republic, and contrasting with Kingdom of Spain restorations. Its usage appears in debates linked to the Spanish Civil War, the Transition to democracy, and contemporary Constitution of Spain discussions. The term intersects with figures like Francisco Franco, Manuel Azaña, and Niceto Alcalá-Zamora and institutions such as the Cortes Generales and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.
The name derives from Hispania, used by Roman Empire sources like Pliny the Elder and Strabo, filtered through medieval entities including the Visigothic Kingdom and the Crown of Castile. Modern republican self-designations reference Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic and republican manifestos by politicians such as Alejandro Lerroux and intellectuals like Miguel de Unamuno and Federico García Lorca. Legal frameworks for a republican form were contested in documents like the Spanish Constitution of 1931 and discussed in later writings by jurists from Complutense University of Madrid.
Republican experiments in Spain include the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) amid the Glorious Revolution and the deposition of Amadeo I of Spain; and the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939), inaugurated after municipal elections that ousted the House of Bourbon. The Second Republic enacted reforms via ministers including Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Manuel Azaña, and Largo Caballero and faced polarization involving Falange Española, CNT, UGT, Anarchism in Spain, and Comunismo de España. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) pitted the Republican side with support from the International Brigades, Soviet Union, and volunteers from International Brigades nations, against Nationalists led by Francisco Franco with aid from Nazi Germany (Condor Legion) and Kingdom of Italy (Corpo Truppe Volontarie). After Francoist rule, the Spanish transition to democracy led to the Spanish Constitution of 1978 under figures like Adolfo Suárez and Santiago Carrillo, with restoration of the House of Bourbon and integration into North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community (later European Union).
Debates over republicanism involve parties such as PSOE, Podemos, IU, Ciudadanos, and PP. Institutional actors include the Cortes Generales, the Senate of Spain, and the Congress of Deputies. Constitutional instruments referenced include the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and proposals by constitutionalists connected to Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. Key political events affecting republican discourse include the 1977 Spanish general election, the 23-F coup attempt, and referenda on monarchy issues involving Juan Carlos I of Spain and Felipe VI.
The territory spans the Iberian Peninsula, including the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, and enclaves like Ceuta and Melilla. Major rivers and features include the Ebro River, Tagus River, Guadalquivir River, the Pyrenees, and the Sierra Nevada. Autonomous communities such as Catalonia, Andalusia, Basque Country, Galicia, Community of Madrid, and Valencian Community play central roles in decentralization debates first prominent during the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (1932) and later in statutes like the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (2006). Administrative institutions include provincial deputations and municipal bodies like the City Council of Barcelona and the Ayuntamiento of Madrid.
Economic modernization efforts trace through policies under Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Second Spanish Republic's agrarian reforms, Francoist autarky, and Spanish economic miracle during the Developmentalist Spain era. Spain's integration into the European Union and adoption of the Eurozone influenced fiscal policy administered by institutions like the Bank of Spain and regulations from the European Central Bank. Major sectors feature companies such as Banco Santander, BBVA, Iberdrola, Repsol, and Inditex, and infrastructure projects including the AVE network and ports like Port of Barcelona. Economic crises impacting republican debates include the Spanish financial crisis (2008–14) and austerity measures under governments linked to leaders like Mariano Rajoy and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
Population centers include Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, and Zaragoza. Demographic trends involve migration from North Africa and Latin America, with cultural communities tied to Galicia and Canary Islands diasporas. Social movements influential to republican ideas encompass labor organizations such as Comisiones Obreras and civil society groups like Amnesty International chapters in Spain, as well as student mobilizations at institutions like University of Barcelona and Autonomous University of Madrid. Public health systems configured under Ministerio de Sanidad and welfare debates reference institutions like the Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social.
Spanish cultural life features artists and writers such as Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Francisco Goya, Diego Velázquez, Miguel de Cervantes, Federico García Lorca, Antonio Machado, and composers like Manuel de Falla and Isaac Albéniz. Architectural landmarks include the Sagrada Família, Alhambra, Prado Museum, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, and El Escorial. Sporting institutions such as Real Madrid CF and FC Barcelona shape identity alongside festivals like La Tomatina and Semana Santa (Spain). Republican symbolism and memory appear in monuments, historiography by scholars at CSIC and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and debates about commemorations such as the Valley of the Fallen and laws like the Law of Historical Memory (Spain).