Regno d'Italia (1861–1946)
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| Regno d'Italia (1861–1946) | |
|---|---|
| Native name | Regno d'Italia |
| Conventional long name | Kingdom of Italy |
| Common name | Italy |
| Era | Risorgimento; Belle Époque; World Wars; Fascist period |
| Status | Unitary parliamentary monarchy |
| Empire | Kingdom of Italy |
| Government type | Monarchy under the House of Savoy |
| Event start | Proclamation |
| Date start | 17 March 1861 |
| Event end | Institutional referendum |
| Date end | 2 June 1946 |
| Capital | Rome |
| Common languages | Italian |
| Currency | Lira |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Regno d'Italia (1861–1946) The Regno d'Italia (1861–1946) was the state formed by the unification of the Italian peninsula under the House of Savoy, which evolved through the Risorgimento, the Giolittian era, the rise of Fascism under Benito Mussolini, and two World Wars before becoming the Italian Republic. Its territorial expansion, colonial ventures, social transformations, and institutional crises intertwined with figures such as Vittorio Emanuele II, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Francesco Crispi, Giovanni Giolitti, and Pietro Badoglio, and with events including the Second Italian War of Independence, the Expedition of the Thousand, the Triple Alliance, and the Lateran Treaty.
Unificazione e nascita del regno
The proclamation of 17 March 1861 followed campaigns linked to Second Italian War of Independence, Expedition of the Thousand, and diplomatic efforts involving Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Vittorio Emanuele II, and the Congress of Vienna order, while battles such as Magenta and Solferino and insurrections in Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Papal States consolidated authority alongside figures like Giuseppe Garibaldi and Mazzini. The annexation processes engaged treaties such as the Treaty of Turin and plebiscites in Lombardy–Venetia and reforms associated with Piedmont-Sardinia institutions, culminating in conflicts over Rome resolved after the Franco-Prussian War and the capture of Rome in 1870, which involved the withdrawal of French Empire troops and negotiations touching on the Lateran Pacts precursors.
Istituzioni e ordinamento politico
The constitutional framework derived from the Statuto Albertino provided the monarchic basis for figures such as Umberto I and legislative bodies like the Italian Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Kingdom, with prime ministers including Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Bettino Ricasoli, and later Giovanni Giolitti. Electoral laws and parliamentary practices evolved through reforms under Francesco Crispi and the Giolittian era, affected by movements such as Radical and Italian Socialist Party, and by institutions like the Carabinieri and the Italian Royal Navy which shaped public order and colonial administration. Tensions with the Holy See influenced public policy until the Lateran Treaty resolved the "Roman Question" with Pope Pius XI and Vatican City.
Economia, industria e società
Industrialization concentrated in Piedmont, Lombardy, and Liguria around industries exemplified by Fiat and shipyards in Genoa, while southern regions such as Sicily and Calabria experienced agrarian backwardness and emigration to destinations like United States and Argentina. Economic policies under leaders such as Giolitti and Sidney Sonnino navigated trade, tariffs, and banking reforms amid crises like the Banca Romana scandal and the post-World War I recession, affecting labor movements such as the Italian General Confederation of Labour and parties including Italian Socialist Party and Italian Communist Party. Social changes involved urbanization, mass literacy campaigns, and cultural movements tied to figures like Gabriele D'Annunzio and institutions such as the Accademia dei Lincei.
Politica estera e colonizzazione
The kingdom pursued alliances like the Triple Alliance with German Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire and later realigned toward the Entente Powers in World War I, while colonial ambitions produced conflicts in Eritrea, Somalia, and Libya under politicians such as Francesco Crispi and Giovanni Giolitti, culminating in the Italo-Turkish War and the establishment of Italian Libya. Imperial projects peaked with the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and the proclamation of the Italian Empire under Benito Mussolini, involving actors like Vittorio Emanuele III and triggering sanctions by the League of Nations. Diplomatic accords such as the Treaty of London (1915) and the Lateran Treaty defined borders and relationships with states including France, United Kingdom, and Austria.
Conflitti interni e movimenti politici
Domestic unrest saw episodes like the Revolt of the Conscripts and the Biennio Rosso, with political violence involving squadristi and antagonists such as Benito Mussolini, Antonio Gramsci, and Filippo Turati. The rise of National Fascist Party displaced liberal leaders including Giovanni Giolitti and produced laws like the Leggi Fascistissime that suppressed parties such as Italian Socialist Party and Italian Liberal Party while institutions like the OVRA policed dissent. Republican, monarchist, and regionalist currents involved figures such as Carlo Rosselli and movements including Fascio groups, affecting electoral reforms and culminations in acts like the Acerbo Law that reshaped parliamentary representation.
Partecipazione alle guerre mondiali
Italy's role in World War I encompassed campaigns along the Isonzo and the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto, with leaders including Luigi Cadorna and Armando Diaz and outcomes influenced by the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In World War II, the kingdom under Vittorio Emanuele III and Benito Mussolini engaged in campaigns in North Africa, the Greek campaign, and on the Eastern Front alongside the Axis powers until the Armistice of Cassibile and the split between the Kingdom's co-belligerent south and the Italian Social Republic in the north, involving German occupation, Allied invasion of Sicily, and partisan resistance by groups linked to the Italian Resistance Movement and leaders like Palmiro Togliatti.
Declino, referendum e istituzione della Repubblica
Military defeat, economic collapse, and political delegitimization led to the Grand Council of Fascism vote of 25 July 1943 and the arrest of Benito Mussolini followed by the Badoglio government and negotiations with Allied Forces. The 1946 institutional referendum, influenced by figures such as Alcide De Gasperi, Ferruccio Parri, and Ugo La Malfa, resulted in abolition of the monarchy and exile of the House of Savoy, while the Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution of Italy that established the Italian Republic and reconfigured Italy's postwar alignment with organizations like the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.