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| Raposa Serra do Sol | |
|---|---|
| Name | Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory |
| Settlement type | Indigenous Territory |
| Subdivision type | Country |
| Subdivision name | Brazil |
| Subdivision type1 | State |
| Subdivision name1 | Roraima |
| Established title | Recognition |
| Established date | 2005 |
| Area total km2 | 1800 |
Raposa Serra do Sol is an indigenous territory in the northern Brazilian state of Roraima that became a focal point for disputes among indigenous groups, state authorities, and national institutions. The territory intersects political debates involving the Supremo Tribunal Federal, the Presidency of Brazil, and agencies such as the Fundação Nacional do Índio and the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária. Its recognition and demarcation drew attention from international organizations including the United Nations and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
The territory lies near the border with Venezuela and is situated within the Guiana Shield, adjacent to the Amazon River basin and tributaries linked to the Orinoco River watershed; it encompasses lowland rainforest, savanna, and riparian systems near the Montanhas do Tumucumaque and the state capital Boa Vista, Roraima. Major hydrographic features include streams feeding into the Rio Branco (Brazil) and ecological corridors connecting to the Amazonas (state) and Pará. The area overlaps with conservation mosaics referenced in documents by the Ministry of Environment (Brazil), and lies within climatic regimes studied by institutions like the National Institute for Space Research and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
Historical contact involved colonial-era routes used by Portuguese Empire explorers, 19th-century expeditions tied to the Rubber Boom and frontier expansion associated with the Empire of Brazil. Twentieth-century dynamics included migration flows shaped by projects of the National Integration Plan and agrarian colonization promoted by the Ministry of Agrarian Development. Disputes intensified during the administrations of presidents such as Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, culminating in landmark judicial decisions by the Supremo Tribunal Federal and administrative actions by FUNAI. International advocacy invoked bodies like the Organization of American States and non-governmental actors such as Survival International.
Multiple indigenous nations inhabit the territory, including the Macuxi, Wapishana, Taurepang, Ingarikó (Ingaricó), and groups associated with the Pemon. Indigenous leadership has engaged with national institutions like FUNAI and the Federal Public Ministry (Brazil) to assert collective rights under the Brazilian Constitution and instruments such as the ILO Convention 169. Legal processes referenced precedents including rulings by the Supreme Court of Brazil and debates in the National Congress of Brazil about constitutional provisions, while local assemblies mirrored practices seen in other indigenous governance systems like those documented for the Yanomami and Guarani. Transnational advocacy involved the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and reports by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
The region supports biomes characteristic of the Amazon rainforest and the Brazilian cerrado transition zones, with species inventories overlapping checklists used in surveys by the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Faunal records align with taxa also recorded in protected areas such as the Parque Nacional do Monte Roraima and the Parque Nacional das Montanhas do Tumucumaque, including mammals studied by researchers linked to the Brazilian Society for the Study of Mammals and ornithological data from the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. Vegetation types mirror those in studies by the Embrapa and conservation assessments by the World Wildlife Fund.
Local livelihoods combine traditional practices of the Macuxi and Wapishana—including agroforestry and cassava cultivation prominent in ethnobotanical studies by the Museu Nacional (Brazil)—with small-scale cattle ranching and artisanal fishing. Resource pressures referenced debates involving the Ministry of Agrarian Development and agribusiness actors represented in the Confederação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil. Infrastructure projects promoted by administrations like those of Jair Bolsonaro and earlier development plans by Getúlio Vargas-era institutions affected land-use dynamics, while credit programs from the Banco do Brasil and cooperatives influenced local markets.
The territory's legal recognition followed administrative acts by FUNAI, public litigation by the Federal Public Ministry (Brazil), and final decisions in the Supremo Tribunal Federal that balanced municipal claims from Pacaraima and state interests represented in the Government of Roraima. Policy instruments referenced include constitutional articles debated in the National Congress of Brazil and rulings interpreting the Statute of Indigenous Peoples (Brazil) as applied by regional federal courts. International human rights frameworks from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and treaty bodies informed litigation strategies by indigenous advocacy groups like the Conselho Indígena de Roraima and national organizations including the Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira.
Management combines traditional indigenous stewardship with participatory arrangements promoted by agencies like the Ministry of Environment (Brazil), technical support from Embrapa, and collaborative projects with universities such as the Universidade Federal de Roraima and research institutes like the National Institute for Amazonian Research. Conservation strategies echo methods used in co-management arrangements in Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve and adaptive management pilots coordinated with nongovernmental organizations such as Conservation International and Imazon. Monitoring employs remote-sensing tools from the National Institute for Space Research and biodiversity protocols aligned with the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Category:Indigenous territories of Brazil Category:Roraima