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| President of the Republic (Brazil) | |
|---|---|
| Post | President of the Republic (Brazil) |
| Incumbent | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva |
| Incumbentsince | 1 January 2023 |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Status | Head of State and Head of Government |
| Seat | Palácio do Planalto |
| Residence | Palácio da Alvorada |
| Appointer | Popular vote |
| Termlength | Four years, renewable once |
| Formation | 24 February 1891 |
| Inaugural | Deodoro da Fonseca |
President of the Republic (Brazil) is the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, exercising executive authority under the 1988 Constitution. The office traces its origins to the proclamation of the Proclamation of the Republic and the adoption of the 1891 Constitution, evolving through periods including the Vargas Era, the 1964–1985 military regime, and the return to democracy culminating in the 1988 charter. The president represents Brazil in relations with United States, China, Argentina, European Union, and within multilateral forums such as the United Nations, BRICS, Mercosur, and the Organization of American States.
The office was established after the overthrow of Pedro II of Brazil by Deodoro da Fonseca following the 1889 coup and formalized by the 1891 Constitution, replacing the Empire of Brazil monarchy. Early republic eras include the First Brazilian Republic, marked by the dominance of regional oligarchies tied to Café com Leite politics, and presidents such as Prudente de Morais and Campos Sales. The Vargas Era under Getúlio Vargas transformed the presidency with policies influencing labor legislation and industrialization tied to institutions like the Banco do Brasil and the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional. The 1964 coup installed a series of presidents from the Brazilian military dictatorship including Castelo Branco, Costa e Silva, and Emílio Garrastazu Médici; the regime enacted the Institutional Acts and suppressed parties like Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). The transition to democracy saw presidents such as Tancredo Neves, José Sarney, Fernando Collor de Mello, Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, and Jair Bolsonaro, with constitutional reforms and economic plans like the Plano Real. Contemporary history involves legal actions by the Supremo Tribunal Federal and investigations led by the Federal Police and the Ministério Público Federal.
The 1988 Constitution vests in the president authority over the federal Executive Branch including appointment of ministers to the Council of Ministers, command of the Armed Forces, and direction of foreign policy with treaties submitted to the National Congress. The president promulgates laws, issues provisional measures known as medidas provisórias, vetoes legislation subject to override by the Chamber of Deputies and Federal Senate, and submits the annual budget to the Congress. The president presides over councils such as the National Defense Council and chairs bodies like the Petrobras board appointments indirectly through ministerial influence. Powers also include granting pardons under rules of the Penal Code and representing Brazil at summits such as G20 and COP climate conferences.
Presidential elections follow rules in the 1988 Constitution and the Electoral Code of Brazil administered by the Superior Electoral Court (TSE). The president is elected by direct popular vote in a two-round system; if no candidate wins a majority in the first round, a runoff between the top two is held as in the 1994, 2002, 2010, 2018, and 2022 contests involving candidates like Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff, and Jair Bolsonaro. Terms last four years with one immediate reelection permitted after the 1997 constitutional amendment that affected presidents such as Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Campaigns are regulated by the TSE and financed under rules shaped by rulings in cases involving parties like PT and PSDB.
Constitutional succession places the Vice President of Brazil first, followed by the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Senate, and the President of the STF in case of incapacity, vacancy, resignation, or death. Provisions for temporary absences have been used when presidents like Jair Bolsonaro traveled abroad or during Dilma Rousseff's suspension leading to acting presidents such as Michel Temer. Extraordinary elections and appointments are governed by the Constitution of 1988 and precedents involving interim presidencies such as Itamar Franco after Fernando Collor de Mello's resignation.
The official residence is the Palácio da Alvorada, with the official workplace at the Palácio do Planalto in Brasília. Ceremonial symbols include the presidential sash crafted per constitutional custom, the presidential standard displayed at venues like Palácio do Jaburu, and regalia used during inaugurations at the National Congress of Brazil and Cathedral of Brasília. Protocol involves interactions with diplomatic missions such as the Embassy of the United States in Brasília and ceremonies at national memorials like the Monumento aos Pracinhas and Praça dos Três Poderes.
Notable holders include Deodoro da Fonseca, Floriano Peixoto, Prudente de Morais, Venceslau Brás, Washington Luís, Getúlio Vargas, Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Juscelino Kubitschek, João Goulart, Castelo Branco, Emílio Garrastazu Médici, Ernesto Geisel, João Figueiredo, Tancredo Neves, José Sarney, Fernando Collor de Mello, Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, and Jair Bolsonaro. Acting and interim presidencies include figures such as Nereu Ramos and Pedro Aleixo within constitutional or authoritarian contexts, and transitional leaders across republic phases like the First Brazilian Republic and Second Brazilian Republic.
The 1988 Constitution sets impeachment by the Chamber of Deputies and trial by the Senate for crimes of responsibility, with precedent in the impeachments of Fernando Collor de Mello (1992) and Dilma Rousseff (2016). Investigations involve institutions such as the Ministério Público Federal, the Federal Police, and the STF for related criminal matters. Removal procedures follow constitutional articles and Senate rules, and have shaped political realignments involving parties like PT, Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and PSDB.