Planck2015
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| Planck2015 | |
|---|---|
| Name | Planck 2015 data release |
| Mission type | Space observatory data release |
| Operator | European Space Agency (ESA) |
| Launch date | 2009-05-14 |
| Spacecraft | Planck |
| Payload | High Frequency Instrument (HFI), Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) |
| Instruments | HFI, LFI |
| Mission duration | 2009–2013 (operations), 2015 (data release) |
Planck2015
The 2015 release of data from the Planck mission presented an expanded catalog and refined maps that updated measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background, cosmological parameters, and foregrounds. The release influenced analyses by research groups at institutions including European Southern Observatory, Max Planck Society, University of Cambridge, California Institute of Technology, and Princeton University. The dataset was compared with results from missions such as Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and informed large collaborations like BICEP2/Keck Array, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and South Pole Telescope.
Background
The Planck mission was developed by a consortium led by European Space Agency and a science team drawn from Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, University of Milan, and University of Oxford. The project built on heritage from COBE and WMAP and engaged agencies such as NASA, Centre national d'études spatiales, Italian Space Agency, and industrial partners including Airbus Defence and Space and Thales Alenia Space. Key personnel and collaborating scientists included members from University of Manchester, University of Barcelona, University of Toronto, Yale University, and Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
Mission and Instruments
The spacecraft carried two cryogenic instruments: the Low Frequency Instrument developed with teams from Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Manchester, and University of Milano–Bicocca, and the High Frequency Instrument developed by groups at Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, and Cardiff University. The mission was supported by ground segments at European Space Operations Centre and science operations at Science Operations Centre (ESA), with calibration references tied to laboratories such as National Institute of Standards and Technology and observatory comparisons to Herschel Space Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and IRAM 30m Telescope.
2015 Data Release
The 2015 release provided frequency maps, component-separated maps, time-ordered data, and catalogues including the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources updates used by teams at Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, University of British Columbia, Carnegie Mellon University, University of California, Berkeley, and Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. The products were cross-validated with datasets from WMAP, BICEP2/Keck Array, South Pole Telescope, and Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and were subject to scrutiny by analysts at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and CERN-affiliated groups.
Cosmological Results
The 2015 products constrained parameters such as the Hubble constant, matter density, dark energy density, scalar spectral index, and optical depth to reionization, impacting theoretical work at institutions like Princeton University, California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Chicago, Columbia University, and Stanford University. The findings were juxtaposed with local measurements from teams including SH0ES, Carnegie Observatories, Hubble Space Telescope Key Project, and distance ladder studies by Harvard University and University of Arizona. The results stimulated debate involving researchers at Perimeter Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, and Institute for Advanced Study regarding tensions with supernovae constraints from Supernova Cosmology Project and High-Z Supernova Search Team.
Data Processing and Analysis Methods
Processing pipelines were developed by consortia including groups at University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, University of California, Berkeley, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Techniques incorporated mapmaking algorithms calibrated with references from National Institute of Standards and Technology, beam modelling used experiences from Herschel Space Observatory and WMAP, and component separation methods built on work from Bayesian methods in cosmology, Independent Component Analysis teams at ETH Zurich and University of Geneva. Statistical analyses employed codes used across Princeton University, Stanford University, University of Chicago, and Fermilab collaborations.
Scientific Impact and Follow-up studies
The 2015 release catalyzed follow-up by collaborations such as BICEP2/Keck Array, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, South Pole Telescope, Dark Energy Survey, Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV, and projects at National Radio Astronomy Observatory, European Southern Observatory, and Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii). It influenced theoretical work at Perimeter Institute, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Santa Fe Institute, Institute for Advanced Study, and spurred proposals for missions like LiteBIRD, CMB-S4, and satellite concepts considered by NASA and ESA panels. The datasets remain central to studies at Princeton University, Harvard University, Caltech, Max Planck Society, University of Cambridge, University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Australian National University, University of Toronto, and University of California, San Diego.