Plan de Déplacements Urbains

Plan de Déplacements Urbains
Name	Plan de Déplacements Urbains
Type	Transport planning instrument
Location	France

Plan de Déplacements Urbains is a French urban transport planning instrument used by local authorities such as Communauté urbaine, Communauté d'agglomération, and Métropole to coordinate modal policies in cities like Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Nice. It emerged from national legislation associated with actors including the Ministry of Transport (France), the Ministry of Ecology (France), and agencies such as Cerema and ADEME in dialogue with institutions like Conseil d'État, Assemblée nationale, and Sénat. The instrument links municipal entities such as Mairie de Paris, regional bodies such as Région Île-de-France, and metropolitan authorities such as Métropole du Grand Paris with operators like RATP, SNCF, Keolis, and regulatory frameworks including Code de l'environnement and EU directives including the Directive 2008/50/EC.

Introduction

The Plan de Déplacements Urbains is framed within French territorial administration traditions exemplified by Loi Chevènement, Loi SRU, and Loi NOTRe and draws on mobility models from cities such as Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Vienna, Barcelona, and Berlin. Its development has been influenced by international accords and institutions such as the Paris Agreement, the European Commission, the International Association of Public Transport, and research bodies including IFSTTAR and École des Ponts ParisTech. Practitioners reference comparative examples like Transport for London, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and Mobility as a Service pilots in Helsinki.

Legal Framework and Policy Context

French statutes governing the instrument include references to norms in the Code de la santé publique, Code de l'urbanisme, and provisions echoing decisions from the Conseil constitutionnel and jurisprudence from the Cour de cassation. The instrument sits alongside obligations under European instruments such as the Aarhus Convention and interacts with funding regimes from institutions like the European Investment Bank, the Agence nationale de la cohésion des territoires, and programmes like Horizon 2020 and Interreg. Implementation often requires coordination with agencies such as DRIEA, DREAL, and metropolitan planning entities including Atelier Parisien d'Urbanisme.

Objectives and Scope

Typical objectives align with climate commitments found in the Paris Agreement, air quality targets under Directive 2008/50/EC, and urban resilience goals promoted by United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Goals include modal shift exemplified by examples from Copenhagenize Design Co., congestion reduction akin to policies in Singapore, road safety improvements reflecting World Health Organization targets, and accessibility aims referenced by World Bank urban projects. Scope covers public transport networks operated by companies such as SNCF, RATP, and Transdev; active modes promoted by initiatives inspired by Danish bicycle policy and infrastructure standards from EuroVelo.

Planning Process and Stakeholders

The planning process engages elected assemblies like Conseil départemental and Conseil régional, technical agencies including Cerema and INSEE, operators such as SNCF, RATP, Keolis, and advocacy organizations like Fédération française des usagers de la bicyclette, Réseau Action Climat, and France Nature Environnement. Public consultation draws on methods used by Commission nationale du débat public and statutory participation rights enshrined in documents influenced by Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Cross-sector partnerships often involve actors such as Électricité de France, GRDF, academic partners like Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and École Polytechnique, and private investors including entities associated with Caisse des Dépôts.

Key Measures and Modalities

Measures typically combine investments in networks operated by RATP and SNCF, traffic management systems similar to those of Transport for London, demand management tools used in Stockholm, pricing mechanisms informed by examples from Singapore, and incentives for active travel promoted in Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Modal measures include expansion of tramways following examples like Bordeaux and Strasbourg, bus rapid transit systems akin to Curitiba and Bogotá, cycling infrastructure inspired by Seville, and parking policies reflecting practice in Zürich and Munich. Integration modalities cover ticketing interoperability paralleling Oyster card and Navigo systems, digital platforms reminiscent of Mobility as a Service trials in Helsinki, and low-emission zones conceptually linked to London Ultra Low Emission Zone.

Implementation and Financing

Implementation mixes public procurement law procedures referencing the Code des marchés publics with funding from metropolitan budgets, allocations by bodies like Caisse des Dépôts and grants under programmes such as Fonds de soutien à l'investissement local and European Regional Development Fund. Financing structures involve public–private partnership models seen in projects involving firms like VINCI, Colas, Bouygues and concessional arrangements comparable to those in Île-de-France Mobilités contracts. Technical delivery relies on agencies such as Cerema, consultants from firms like SYSTRA and Egis, and construction managed by companies with portfolios including RATP Dev.

Monitoring, Evaluation, and Outcomes

Monitoring employs indicators aligned with datasets from INSEE, air quality measurements under Airparif, accident statistics from ONISR, and greenhouse gas inventories consistent with methodologies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Evaluation draws on case studies in Lyon, Nantes, and Grenoble and academic analyses published by institutions such as CNRS, Sciences Po, and École des Ponts ParisTech. Outcomes reported include modal share shifts similar to those observed in Strasbourg, emissions reductions aligned with ADEME scenarios, and social impacts assessed in reports by Observatoire des mobilités and civil society groups such as Fondation Abbé Pierre.

Category:Transport planning in France