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PHIBSS

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PHIBSS
NamePHIBSS
Full namePlateau de Bure High-z Blue Sequence Survey
TypeAstronomical survey
Start2010
Principal investigatorsGuillaume S. (surname omitted)
InstrumentsIRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer, NOEMA
WavelengthsMillimeter
TargetsStar-forming galaxies at z ~ 1–3

PHIBSS

Introduction

PHIBSS was a targeted observational program using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer, later complemented by NOEMA, to study the cold interstellar medium in star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon. The survey connected molecular gas reservoirs to stellar populations identified in fields like COSMOS, GOODS-N, and UDS, linking observations to legacy programs such as CANDELS, COSMOS, GOODS, and SDSS. PHIBSS provided critical molecular gas measurements relevant to frameworks developed by researchers affiliated with institutions such as Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Leiden Observatory.

Objectives and Scope

PHIBSS aimed to quantify molecular gas fractions, depletion times, and kinematics in massive star-forming galaxies at redshifts z ~ 1–3 drawn from surveys including COSMOS, GOODS, and AEGIS. Goals included constraining the baryonic mass budget in systems studied with HST imaging from CANDELS, Spitzer photometry used by the GOODS team, and spectroscopic redshifts from VLT and Keck programs. The scope encompassed targets overlapping with samples from SDSS analogs, Subaru observations in SXDS, and photometric catalogs produced by the UKIDSS and VISTA projects.

Methods and Observational Techniques

PHIBSS used CO rotational transitions, primarily CO(3–2) and CO(2–1), observed with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer and later NOEMA, employing interferometric mosaics similar to approaches in ALMA projects and SMA programs. Data reduction followed pipelines used by IRAM, mirroring techniques from NRAO CASA workflows, and leveraged kinematic modeling methods developed in studies by groups at MPIA, MIT Haystack Observatory, and the University of California, Berkeley. Ancillary multiwavelength constraints were taken from HST, Spitzer, Herschel, and Chandra catalogs compiled by teams at STScI, IPAC, ESA, and SRON.

Key Findings and Results

PHIBSS measured high molecular gas fractions and relatively short depletion times in massive main-sequence galaxies at z ~ 1–3, findings that echoed results from ALMA surveys and contrasted with local results from studies using the JCMT and Arecibo legacy projects. The survey reported scaling relations linking gas fraction to stellar mass and specific star-formation rate, comparable to relations discussed in literature by groups at Caltech, Princeton, and the University of Cambridge. Kinematic analyses revealed rotating disks and dispersion-dominated systems, informing interpretations made by teams at CfA, MPIA, and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics.

Impact on Galaxy Formation Models

PHIBSS results provided empirical constraints adopted by cosmological simulation efforts such as Illustris, EAGLE, and FIRE, influencing subgrid prescriptions for star formation and feedback developed at the University of Zurich, Princeton, and the University of California, Santa Cruz. The measured gas accretion and depletion times informed semi-analytic models produced by Durham University and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, and affected interpretations in theoretical work from institutions like the Flatiron Institute and Kavli Institute for Cosmology.

Collaborations and Instrumentation

PHIBSS was a collaborative effort involving teams from IRAM, Max Planck Society institutions, Harvard, Caltech, and European university consortia, coordinating with legacy survey groups such as COSMOS, CANDELS, and GOODS. Instrumental capabilities from IRAM's Plateau de Bure and NOEMA were complemented by synergies with ALMA, SMA, VLA, and single-dish facilities like IRAM 30m and JCMT, with data analysis drawing on software and expertise from NRAO, ESO, and CADC.

Data Release and Accessibility

PHIBSS data products, including calibrated data cubes and integrated CO flux measurements, were made available to the community through IRAM channels and through archives associated with COSMOS and CANDELS teams, enabling reuse by researchers at institutions such as ESA, NASA, and national observatories. The survey fostered follow-up programs with ALMA and VLA, and subsequent meta-analyses by groups at the University of Toronto, University of Copenhagen, and University of Tokyo.

Category:Astronomical surveys Category:Interstellar medium Category:High-redshift galaxies