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| Old World wine | |
|---|---|
| Name | Old World wine |
| Country | Europe, North Africa, Near East |
| Regions | France; Italy; Spain; Portugal; Germany; Austria; Greece; Hungary; Romania; Bulgaria; Moldova; Croatia; Slovenia; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Turkey; Lebanon; Israel; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia |
| Grapes | Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot; Pinot Noir; Nebbiolo; Sangiovese; Tempranillo; Garnacha; Syrah; Mourvèdre; Grenache; Carignan; Cabernet Franc; Malbec; Riesling; Gewürztraminer; Müller-Thurgau; Grüner Veltliner; Viognier; Chardonnay; Chenin Blanc; Sauvignon Blanc; Semillon; Trebbiano; Cortese; Arneis; Fiano; Greco; Vermentino; Muscat; Pedro Ximénez; Palomino; Albariño; Godello; Touriga Nacional; Baga; Sercial; Alvarinho; Kadarka; Furmint; Tokay; Blatina; Plavac Mali; Vranac; Xinomavro; Assyrtiko |
| Notable people | Dom Pérignon; Jean-Antoine Chaptal; André Tchelistcheff; Jules Chauvet; Émile Peynaud; Louis Pasteur; Federico Fellini; Galileo Galilei; Pliny the Elder; Columella; Cato the Elder |
Old World wine is the traditional wine produced in the historically wine-growing regions of Europe, the Near East, and North Africa where viticulture developed over millennia. It contrasts with wines from the United States; Argentina; Chile; Australia; New Zealand; South Africa; Canada; Brazil; Mexico and other New World producers by emphasis on terroir, appellation rules, and indigenous varieties. Old World wine culture has been shaped by historical actors such as Pliny the Elder; Columella; Cato the Elder and by institutions like the Catholic Church; medieval guilds and modern national regulatory agencies.
Old World wine encompasses wines from historical viticultural centers including France; Italy; Spain; Portugal; Germany; Austria; Greece; Hungary; Romania; Bulgaria; Moldova; Croatia; Slovenia; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Turkey; Lebanon; Israel; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia. Important production zones and landmarks include Bordeaux; Burgundy; Champagne; Tuscany; Piedmont; Rioja; Douro Valley; Rheingau; Mosel; Tokaj; Peloponnese; Santorini; Douro River; Ebro River. Institutions defining scope include the Institut National de l'Origine et de la Qualité; the Consejo Regulador bodies in Spain; the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca and national ministries like the Ministry of Agriculture (France). Historical artifacts and literature include the works of Hippocrates; Aristotle; Homer and travelogues of Marco Polo; Herodotus.
Viticulture's origins link to sites such as Caucasus; Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, later spreading through Phoenician trade, Greek colonization and Roman agronomy exemplified by writers like Columella and Pliny the Elder. Medieval continuity was maintained by monastic orders including the Cistercians; Benedictines and institutions like Cluny Abbey; Abbey of Saint-Vivant and proprietors tied to noble houses such as the House of Bourbon; House of Medici; Habsburg Monarchy. Major disruptions included the Black Death; the Phylloxera crisis of the 19th century; the Spanish Civil War; the two World War I and World War II conflicts and political changes after the French Revolution and the Congress of Vienna. Scientific advances came from figures and institutions such as Louis Pasteur; Émile Peynaud; Jean-Antoine Chaptal and research centers like the Institut National Agronomique.
Old World viticulture emphasizes terroir as codified by producers in regions like Bordeaux; Burgundy; Champagne; Barolo; Chianti Classico and practices in châteaux, domaines and cooperatives such as Château Margaux; Domaine de la Romanée-Conti; Veuve Clicquot; Antinori; Marchesi di Barolo; CVNE. Techniques include vine training systems used in Douro Valley; Amphora and oak maturation traditions in Jerez; cold fermentation taught by academic centers like University of Bordeaux; cellar methods advanced by oenologists including Émile Peynaud; Jules Chauvet and advisors like André Tchelistcheff. Regulatory harvesting rules and blending practices derive from bodies like the Institut National de l'Origine et de la Qualité; the Consejo Regulador de la Denominación de Origen; the Denominazione di Origine Controllata and research institutes including Fondazione Edmund Mach.
Appellation systems developed as legal frameworks: Appellation d'origine contrôlée origins in France; Denominazione di Origine Controllata in Italy; Denominación de Origen in Spain; Denominação de Origem Controlada in Portugal; Prädikat classifications in Germany; and systems in Hungary like Tokaj regulations. National agencies include Institut National de l'Origine et de la Qualité; Istituto Nazionale di Unità per il Vino; Comisión Reguladora and EU policies under the European Union Common Agricultural Policy and rules set by the World Trade Organization affecting labeling and geographic indications like Protected Designation of Origin and Protected Geographical Indication.
Prominent regions include Bordeaux; Burgundy; Champagne; Loire Valley; Rhône Valley; Alsace; Tuscany; Piedmont; Veneto; Sicily; Rioja; Ribera del Duero; Priorat; Douro Valley; Porto; Mosel; Rheingau; Pfalz; Tokaj; Eger; Santorini; Macedonia (Greece); Peloponnese; Sherry region of Jerez de la Frontera; Jura; Loire appellations like Sancerre; Pouilly-Fumé; Chianti; Barolo; Barbaresco; Amarone della Valpolicella; Trentino-Alto Adige; Alsace Grand Cru; Switzerland Cantons such as Valais; Vaud; UK regions such as Kent; Sussex; Turkish regions like Cappadocia; Lebanese areas like Bekaa Valley.
Indigenous varieties shape style: Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot; Pinot Noir and Chardonnay in France; Sangiovese; Nebbiolo; Barbera; Dolcetto in Italy; Tempranillo; Garnacha; Palomino; Albariño in Spain; Touriga Nacional; Tinta Roriz in Portugal; aromatic whites like Riesling; Gewürztraminer; Grüner Veltliner; Viognier across central Europe. Styles range from fortified Port; Madeira; Sherry; sparkling wines like Champagne; Franciacorta; Cava; late-harvest sweet wines such as Tokaji Aszú and botrytized wines from Sauternes; dry table wines; oak-aged classics in Bordeaux; light-bodied terroir-driven examples from Burgundy and high-acid Rieslings from the Mosel.
Old World wine underpins tourism in regions like Bordeaux; Tuscany; La Rioja; festivals tied to harvests such as Festa dell'Uva and regional fairs in Beaujolais; influences culinary traditions in France; Italy; Spain and diplomatic culture exemplified by state dinners and institutions like the European Parliament menus. Economically, wineries range from family-run estates to négociants like Maison Louis Latour and corporate groups such as Pernod Ricard; LVMH; Frescobaldi and cooperative networks in Ribera del Duero. Heritage preservation involves UNESCO sites like the Historic Centre of Florence and landscapes such as Porto's Douro Valley, with research funded by agencies including the European Commission; university programs at University of Bordeaux; University of Padua; University of Mainz and trade organizations like the International Organisation of Vine and Wine.