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| Norwegian Nynorsk | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nynorsk |
| Altname | New Norwegian |
| Nativename | Nynorsk |
| States | Norway |
| Region | Western Norway, Trøndelag, Oslo, Bergen, Voss, Sogn, Sunnmøre |
| Familycolor | Indo-European |
| Fam2 | Germanic |
| Fam3 | North Germanic |
| Fam4 | West Scandinavian |
| Iso1 | nn |
| Iso2 | nyn |
| Iso3 | nyn |
Norwegian Nynorsk Nynorsk is one of two official written standards used in Norway, developed as a written norm drawing on rural Bergen-area, Sogn og Fjordane, Møre og Romsdal and Telemark dialects and codified in the 19th century. It has shaped debates involving figures such as Ivar Aasen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Edvard Grieg and institutions including the Norwegian Parliament and Samlaget. Nynorsk functions alongside Bokmål in public administration, education, and cultural life across regions like Voss, Trøndelag, Rogaland and Østlandet.
Nynorsk emerged from 19th-century nation-building linked to personalities and events such as Ivar Aasen, the philological surveys across Hardangervidda, and intellectual circles around Henrik Ibsen, Christen Knudsen, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe. Influenced by the language politics of the Union between Sweden and Norway (1814–1905), the movement connected with cultural figures like Johan Sebastian Welhaven, Camilla Collett, Alexander Kielland, Arne Garborg and politicians including Christian Michelsen and Gunnar Knudsen. Debates during the late 19th and early 20th centuries involved editors and societies such as Det Norske Samlaget, Noregs Mållag, Folkvennen and printers like P. T. Malling. Key events included orthography reforms, the 1907 and 1917 standardizations influenced by committees with representatives from University of Oslo, Bergen Museum and local municipal bodies in Oslo and Stavanger.
Standardization processes involved scholars, authors and institutions: Ivar Aasen, Knud Knudsen, Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Culture, the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature and publishing houses such as Det Norske Samlaget, Aschehoug, Gyldendal and Cappelen. Orthographic reforms in the 20th century engaged academics from University of Bergen, University of Trondheim, University of Oslo and language councils like Språkrådet. Influential orthographers and committee members included Olav Bø, Kjell Venås, Einar Lundeby and activists from Noregs Ungdomslag. Administrative regulations in municipalities like Bergen kommune, Oslo kommune and counties such as Sogn og Fjordane fylke affected choice of form, with legal contexts tied to acts passed by the Storting.
Phonological descriptions draw on fieldwork in locations including Voss, Bergen, Ålesund, Kristiansund and Trondheim and scholarship by linguists such as Egil Pettersen, Olav Heggstad and Edvard Hoem. Grammatical features link to Old Norse continuities evident in sagas preserved in collections like the Heimskringla, manuscripts held at The National Library of Norway and research at The Norwegian Institute of Local History. Morphological patterns show inflectional endings comparable to those discussed by scholars affiliated with University of Copenhagen, Uppsala University and Stockholm University; syntax has been analyzed in studies connected to Noregs Mållag policy documents and educational curricula used in schools in Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Møre og Romsdal.
The lexical basis reflects rural and coastal dialects from districts including Sogn, Fjordane, Hardanger, Sunnhordland, Nordmøre and Romsdal, with lexical items appearing in collections by Ivar Aasen, anthologies published by Det Norske Samlaget, and translations of works by William Shakespeare, J. R. R. Tolkien and Leo Tolstoy. Borrowings and neologisms were influenced by contacts with languages and literatures represented by Danish-language printing houses in Copenhagen, trade links through Bergenhus and literary exchange with Sweden and Scotland; terminological choices reflect input from editorial boards at Gyldendal, Aschehoug and authors like Tarjei Vesaas, Knut Hamsun and Sigrid Undset.
Nynorsk is used by communities and institutions across municipalities such as Aurland, Flåm, Voss, Sogndal, Førde and towns including Ålesund, Molde and Kristiansund. Demographic studies by agencies like Statistics Norway and the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training report usage patterns influenced by migration to urban centers like Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger. Political actors from parties such as the Labour Party (Norway), Conservative Party (Norway), Centre Party (Norway) and Christian Democratic Party (Norway) have debated Nynorsk policy in the Stortinget and municipal councils in counties including Vestland, Møre og Romsdal and Trøndelag.
Educational implementation involves the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, teacher training programs at University of Bergen, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, NTNU and University of Oslo, and textbooks published by Aschehoug and Gyldendal. Media outlets publishing in Nynorsk include newspapers like Dag og Tid, regional papers in Sogn og Fjordane and broadcasting content produced by NRK local studios in Bergen and Ålesund. Official status is defined in laws and administrative practices involving the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, municipal statute decisions in Voss kommune and language policy from Språkrådet; public signage and forms in municipalities such as Ålesund kommune and county administrations often require availability in both written standards.
Nynorsk literature has been produced by authors and poets including Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Arne Garborg, Tarjei Vesaas, Olav H. Hauge, Knut Hamsun, Sigrid Undset, Dag Solstad, Edvard Hoem and Jon Fosse, and promoted by publishers like Det Norske Samlaget. Cultural institutions and events that have featured Nynorsk work include the Bergen International Festival, the Oslo International Literature Festival, the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature, theatre productions at Den Nationale Scene and Nationaltheatret, and translations staged in venues such as Trøndelag Teater and Riksteatret. Nynorsk has influenced musical settings by composers like Edvard Grieg and contemporary songwriters active in Nynorsk Rock scenes and has figured in national debates involving the King of Norway, the Prime Minister of Norway and cultural policy discussions led by organizations including Noregs Mållag and Det Norske Samlaget.
Category:Norwegian language