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| Nitrogen oxides | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nitrogen oxides |
| Other names | NOx |
| Chemical formula | Various (NO, NO2, N2O, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5) |
| Molar mass | Various |
| Appearance | Various |
Nitrogen oxides are a family of inorganic compounds composed of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, and higher oxides. These species appear in combustion processes, industrial chemistry, atmospheric reactions, and biological systems, and have been studied by researchers at institutions such as Max Planck Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Imperial College London, California Institute of Technology, and University of Cambridge. Their roles intersect with policies and agreements involving organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme, European Commission, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and World Health Organization.
Nitrogen oxides encompass molecules such as nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen tetroxide, with relevance to fields exemplified by Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureates, major industrial firms like BASF, DuPont, General Electric, and international research centers including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, and CERN for instrumentation development. Historical milestones involve scientists associated with institutions like Royal Society, Académie des Sciences, Smithsonian Institution, and events such as the Industrial Revolution, Manhattan Project (instrumental analytical methods), and environmental policy forums including the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.
Key species include nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). Physical and chemical properties have been characterized in publications from journals associated with Royal Society of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, and Nature Research, and studied by researchers at University of Oxford, Harvard University, Stanford University, and ETH Zurich. Structural data rely on techniques developed at facilities such as European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Diamond Light Source, and Paul Scherrer Institute. Thermochemical parameters inform models used by agencies like Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and by agencies including National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency for atmospheric modeling.
Industrial generation of various nitrogen oxides occurs in processes run by corporations such as Siemens, Shell, ExxonMobil, and PetroChina through high-temperature combustion, catalytic oxidation, and nitration routes. Laboratory syntheses have been refined in academic environments at Princeton University, University of California, Berkeley, Yale University, and University of Tokyo using precursors and apparatus developed with suppliers like Fisher Scientific and Sigma-Aldrich. Production pathways are central to sectors represented by trade associations including the International Energy Agency and World Business Council for Sustainable Development and intersect with standards from organizations such as International Organization for Standardization and American National Standards Institute.
Nitrogen oxides play major roles in tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry studied by programs like Global Atmosphere Watch, Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service, and research groups at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, NOAA, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. They participate in ozone formation affecting initiatives under the Clean Air Act and influence greenhouse gas inventories monitored by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and assessed by panels of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Transport modeling uses frameworks developed at European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and Met Office, and impacts on ecosystems are evaluated by organizations like IUCN and Ramsar Convention.
Exposure to nitrogen dioxide and other oxides has been evaluated in cohort studies from institutions such as Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, and Karolinska Institutet, and in clinical guidelines issued by World Health Organization, European Respiratory Society, and American Thoracic Society. Toxicological mechanisms have been elucidated in laboratories at National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and university medical centers like Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic. Epidemiological evidence informs regulations by Environmental Protection Agency and public health actions by municipal authorities in cities such as New York City, London, and Beijing.
Analytical detection methods employing chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy are implemented in equipment from companies like Thermo Fisher Scientific, Agilent Technologies, and Bruker, and at monitoring networks coordinated by European Environment Agency and United States Geological Survey. Regulatory frameworks are shaped by legislatures and agencies such as the European Parliament, United States Congress, and national ministries represented in forums like Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. International standards and reporting use protocols from bodies including IPCC, World Meteorological Organization, and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Control technologies include selective catalytic reduction developed by industrial consortia including Johnson Matthey, Umicore, and Honeywell UOP, as well as exhaust after-treatment systems deployed by automakers like Toyota, Volkswagen, BMW, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors. Power generation and industrial process controls utilize approaches refined at utilities and research labs such as EDF, Edison International, Electric Power Research Institute, and national labs including Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Policy instruments and market mechanisms are implemented by entities such as European Union Emissions Trading System, California Air Resources Board, and national environmental agencies to drive adoption of best available technologies.
Category:Inorganic compounds Category:Atmospheric chemistry Category:Environmental health