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| National reserves of Chile | |
|---|---|
| Name | National reserves of Chile |
| Iucn category | V–VI |
| Established | 1926–present |
| Governing body | Corporación Nacional Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura (Chile) |
| Location | Chile |
National reserves of Chile serve as a network of protected areas established to conserve biodiversity, protect watersheds, and maintain cultural landscapes across Atacama Region, Magallanes Region, Biobío Region, Aysén Region, and Los Lagos Region. Created alongside national parks of Chile and national monuments of Chile, the reserves complement initiatives such as the Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado and interact with stakeholders including Comunidad Indígena Mapuche, Comunidad Aymara, and international partners like United Nations Environment Programme.
The reserves encompass coastal, Andean, austral, and desert environments such as Desierto de Atacama, Cordillera de la Costa (Chile), and Tierra del Fuego islands, linking with sites like Río Baker, Lago General Carrera, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, and Parque Nacional Vicente Pérez Rosales. Managed primarily by Corporación Nacional Forestal under instruments shaped by Ley de Bosque Nativo (Chile) and influenced by protocols from Convention on Biological Diversity, the reserves integrate with initiatives by World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, and bilateral programs involving United States Agency for International Development.
Early designations trace to conservation efforts in the 1920s associated with figures such as Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and institutions like Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas. Landmark legislation includes statutes overseen by Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales and regulatory frameworks enacted during administrations of Arturo Alessandri, Eduardo Frei Montalva, and Michelle Bachelet. International agreements such as the Ramsar Convention and instruments negotiated at United Nations Conference on Environment and Development influenced expansions and categorizations, while judicial rulings from the Supreme Court of Chile and policies by Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales (Chile) shaped land tenure and indigenous consultation processes involving Comisión Nacional de Riego.
Administration rests with CONAF coordinating with regional governments like Gobierno Regional de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena, municipal councils such as Ilustre Municipalidad de Puerto Montt, and research centers like Universidad de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Management tools include zoning plans used in Reserva Nacional Pingüino de Humboldt, monitoring protocols from Instituto de la Patagonia, and collaborative programs with NGOs including Fundación Rewilding Chile and CODEFF (Comité Nacional Pro Defensa de la Flora y Fauna). Funding streams derive from public budgets approved by Congreso Nacional de Chile and project financing from bilateral donors like International Union for Conservation of Nature initiatives and Global Environment Facility projects.
Categories mirror IUCN criteria and national typologies: strict reserves, multiple-use reserves, and coastal reserves exemplified by Reserva Nacional Pampa del Tamarugal, Reserva Nacional Roblería del Cobre de Loncha, and Reserva Nacional Pingüino de Humboldt. Typologies align with landscapes such as bosque valdiviano, matorral chileno, estepa patagónica, and humedal costero sites registered in inventories compiled by Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (Chile) and academic inventories from Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile). Some reserves operate as biosphere transition zones linked to Man and the Biosphere Programme designations and UNESCO dialogues.
Biodiversity ranges from endemic plants like Nothofagus species, Araucaria araucana, and Puya chilensis to fauna such as Humboldt penguin, puma (Puma concolor), huemul, guanaco, and migratory birds listed by BirdLife International. Ecosystems include temperate rainforest corridors connected to Valdivian temperate forests, alpine tundra of Cordillera de los Andes, and saline flats near Bahía de Quintero. Scientific studies from Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad and specimen collections at Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) document species distributions and genetic diversity patterns.
Key threats include habitat fragmentation from projects like Chile–Argentina roadway proposals, invasive species such as Ulex europaeus and Rattus rattus, water extraction linked to mining concessions around Copiapó River, and climate impacts observed in Glaciar San Rafael retreat. Conflicts over resource use involve corporations like CODELCO and local communities including Comunidad Diaguita and Comunidad Kawésqar, producing legal disputes adjudicated in tribunals and drawing attention from groups like Sociedad Agrícola y Ganadera. Conservation responses involve restoration efforts by Fundación Centro de Conservación Marina, fire management protocols coordinated with Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres, and transboundary initiatives with Argentina authorities.
- Arica y Parinacota Region: Reserva Nacional Las Vicuñas, Reserva Nacional Lauca - Tarapacá Region: Reserva Nacional Pampa del Tamarugal - Antofagasta Region: Reserva Nacional La Chimba - Atacama Region: Reserva Nacional Nevado Tres Cruces, Reserva Nacional Llanos de Challe - Coquimbo Region: Reserva Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge - Valparaíso Region: Reserva Nacional Lago Peñuelas, Reserva Nacional El Yali - Metropolitan Region of Santiago: Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo - O'Higgins Region: Reserva Nacional Radal Siete Tazas - Maule Region: Reserva Nacional Altos de Lircay - Ñuble Region: Reserva Nacional Ñuble - Biobío Region: Reserva Nacional Nonguén - Araucanía Region: Reserva Nacional Malalcahuello-Nalcas, Reserva Nacional Malleco - Los Ríos Region: Reserva Nacional Mocho-Choshuenco - Los Lagos Region: Reserva Nacional Alerce Andino, Reserva Nacional Llanquihue - Aysén Region: Reserva Nacional Rio Simpson, Reserva Nacional Jeinimeni - Magallanes Region: Reserva Nacional Magallanes, Reserva Nacional Cabo de Hornos