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| National Policy on Climate Change (Brazil) | |
|---|---|
| Title | National Policy on Climate Change |
| Native name | Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima |
| Enacted by | National Congress of Brazil |
| Enacted | 2009 |
| Status | in force |
National Policy on Climate Change (Brazil) is a federal law establishing Brazil's framework for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The policy sets national goals for greenhouse gas reductions, creates institutional arrangements for planning and supervision, and links domestic measures to international commitments such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. It integrates sectoral programs across energy, agriculture, forestry, transport and industry while interacting with state and municipal initiatives like the Amazon Fund and Plano ABC.
The Policy emerged amid debates in the National Congress of Brazil and was influenced by precedents including the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and the outcomes of the UNFCCC COPs, notably COP15 and COP21. Brazilian positions in international fora such as the G77 and China and the Group of 20 negotiations shaped the statute adopted in 2009. Domestic drivers included deforestation dynamics in the Amazon rainforest, agroindustrial expansion in Mato Grosso, and energy sector choices involving Petrobras and the Itaipu Dam. Key legislative actors included committees of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) and the Federal Senate (Brazil), while civil society organizations like WWF-Brazil and Greenpeace Brazil influenced amendments alongside industry federations such as the Confederação Nacional da Indústria.
The law established economy-wide targets expressed as voluntary commitments, coordinating with national pledges submitted as Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement. It set long-term objectives to reduce emissions from deforestation in the Legal Amazon and to expand renewable electricity from Eletrobras projects, biofuels from ANP (Brazil), and low-emission agriculture under Plano ABC. Targets addressed sectors overseen by ministries including the Ministry of the Environment (Brazil), the Ministry of Mines and Energy (Brazil), and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (Brazil). The policy aimed to reconcile obligations under the United Nations, protect biodiversity in Pantanal and Mata Atlântica, and support sustainable development strategies in states like Acre.
Implementation relies on a multi-level architecture connecting federal bodies, state secretariats such as the Secretariat of Climate Change and COPs and municipal agencies in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Central institutions include the Ministry of the Environment (Brazil), the Interministerial Committee on Climate Change, and the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), while oversight engages the Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) for financial accountability. The policy fosters partnerships with research institutions like the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and universities such as the University of São Paulo and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It also institutionalizes engagement with subnational initiatives including the Amazon Fund and mechanisms coordinated through the National Solid Waste Policy interface.
Mitigation instruments comprise land-use controls to curb deforestation in the Amazon biome, incentives for biomass and hydropower generation, and regulation of emissions in industries including Vale (company) and Gerdau. Transport measures encourage modal shifts involving Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos and fuel policies supporting ethanol fuel production from Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira actors. Agricultural mitigation leverages Plano ABC practices such as integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems promoted by Embrapa. Market and fiscal tools involve credit lines from BNDES and voluntary carbon initiatives linked to standards like the Verified Carbon Standard and cooperation with the World Bank programs. Deforestation monitoring and enforcement integrate satellite systems developed in partnership with the National Institute for Space Research and law enforcement collaborations with the Federal Police of Brazil.
Adaptation planning is mainstreamed through sectoral plans for water security in the São Francisco River, coastal resilience for cities such as Recife and Salvador, and risk management in agrarian zones of Pernambuco. Health adaptation aligns with the Brazilian Ministry of Health programs addressing vector-borne diseases in the Amazon region. Urban adaptation ties into planning instruments used by the Municipality of São Paulo and disaster risk reduction coordinated with the National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters. Sectoral strategies for fisheries involve the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture and conservation actions for protected areas managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
MRV architecture integrates national inventories produced by the Brazilian Inventory System and submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat, incorporating data from the Institute of Applied Economic Research and satellites operated by the National Institute for Space Research. Reporting cycles follow international guidelines used in IPCC assessments and the country's National Communication to the UNFCCC. Independent verification engages academic groups at the Federal University of Minas Gerais and auditing by the Federal Court of Accounts (TCU), while registries and databases interoperate with transparency platforms promoted by the United Nations Development Programme.
Brazil's policy interfaces with the Paris Agreement, previous commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, and bilateral cooperation with partners including Norway via the Amazon Fund, the European Union, and multilateral banks such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. Technical cooperation and financing are channeled through instruments like the Green Climate Fund and partnerships with research networks such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Diplomatic engagement also occurs within forums including the G77 and China and the BRICS grouping to align climate action with development priorities.
Category:Environment of Brazil Category:Climate change policy