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| National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam | |
|---|---|
| Name | National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| House type | Unicameral |
| Foundation | 1946 |
| Leader1 type | Chairman |
| Members | 500+ |
| Meeting place | Hanoi |
National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the unicameral legislature of Socialist Republic of Vietnam established in 1946 under the 1946 Constitution of Vietnam and reconstituted in subsequent constitutions such as the 1959 Constitution of Vietnam and the 2013 Constitution of Vietnam. It operates within the political framework shaped by the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum symbolic legacy, and major state institutions like the Presidency of Vietnam and the Government of Vietnam. The Assembly's membership, electoral cycles, and legislative authority have evolved alongside events including the First Indochina War, the Vietnam War, Doi Moi reforms, and Vietnam's integration into institutions like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization.
The Assembly traces origins to the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam period and the 1946 national referendum that followed the Ba Đình Declaration, with early sessions featuring leaders such as Ho Chi Minh and Trường Chinh. During the First Indochina War and later the Geneva Conference (1954), the Assembly's role shifted as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam consolidated control and later reunified after the Fall of Saigon and the Reunification of Vietnam in 1976. Constitutional milestones including the 1980 Constitution of Vietnam and the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam (amended in 2013 Constitution of Vietnam) redefined legislative powers during periods of economic liberalization under Đổi Mới and leadership transitions involving figures like Nguyễn Văn Linh, Đỗ Mười, and Nguyễn Phú Trọng. International engagements such as accession to the WTO and bilateral treaties with United States–Vietnam relations influenced parliamentary oversight and lawmaking priorities.
The Assembly is a unicameral body whose composition reflects representation from provinces like Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and Đà Nẵng as well as constituencies including ethnic minority areas such as Tây Nguyên and Mekong Delta. Delegates include members from the Communist Party of Vietnam, mass organizations like the Vietnam Fatherland Front, and state bodies including the Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of National Defence. Leadership positions include the Chairman of the National Assembly (Vietnam), deputy chairs, standing committees such as the Council on Ethnic Affairs, and specialized committees on finance, law, and foreign affairs interacting with institutions like the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam and the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam.
Constitutionally empowered under the 2013 Constitution of Vietnam, the Assembly enacts laws, approves the State Budget of Vietnam, and ratifies international treaties including agreements with entities like the European Union and the United Nations. It elects and supervises the President of Vietnam, the Prime Minister of Vietnam, and members of the Government of Vietnam, and has authority over appointments to the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam and the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam. The Assembly's oversight mechanisms include interpellations, question sessions to officials such as the Minister of Finance (Vietnam) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam), and specialized investigations into matters like anti-corruption initiatives overseen by agencies linked to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Delegates are elected under regulations administered by the National Election Council and nominated through organizations such as the Vietnam Fatherland Front, with electoral laws shaped by the Law on Election of Deputies to the National Assembly and influenced by constitutional provisions. Elections occur on a five-year cycle, with notable contests in years including 1997, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2016, and 2021 featuring candidates ranging from party officials to civil society figures associated with institutions like the Vietnam General Confederation of Labour and the Vietnamese Women's Union. The system combines provincial allocation methods and multi-member constituencies in locations such as Quảng Ninh and An Giang, producing delegations whose tenure aligns with legislative terms established by the Assembly and electoral calendar overseen by the Ministry of Home Affairs (Vietnam).
Legislative proposals originate from entities including the Government of Vietnam, committees of the Assembly, and socio-political organizations such as the Vietnam Fatherland Front, then undergo readings, committee reviews, and plenary debates culminating in votes recorded by the Assembly Secretariat and the Office of the National Assembly. Major laws—on topics such as the Land Law (Vietnam), the Investment Law (Vietnam), and revisions to the Criminal Code (Vietnam)—passed through processes involving consultations with ministries like the Ministry of Justice (Vietnam) and public hearings in provinces including Thừa Thiên–Huế and Bắc Ninh. Ratification of international agreements with partners like China–Vietnam relations or Japan–Vietnam relations similarly follows committee scrutiny and plenary endorsement.
The Assembly operates within a political system where the Communist Party of Vietnam maintains leading roles through the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, influencing candidate selection, policy priorities, and personnel decisions coordinated with the Office of the Party Central Committee. Key interactions occur between Assembly leadership and state executives including the President of Vietnam and the Prime Minister of Vietnam, and involve coordination with security organs such as the Vietnam People's Public Security and the People's Army of Vietnam. Party congresses—such as the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam—set strategic directions that the Assembly translates into legislation and oversight.
Recent sessions of the Assembly have addressed anti-corruption campaigns associated with figures like Nguyễn Phú Trọng, legal reforms including amendments to the Civil Code (Vietnam), and frameworks for economic policy adapting to crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. Reforms have aimed at increasing transparency through measures like expanded question-and-answer sessions and enhanced public consultation mechanisms involving organizations such as Viet Nam Television and the Vietnam News Agency. Legislative attention has focused on trade deals like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and regional cooperation through ASEAN Free Trade Area commitments, while debates continue over judicial independence, administrative decentralization affecting provinces like Long An, and electoral procedures overseen by the National Election Council.