National Assembly (Vietnam)
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| National Assembly (Vietnam) | |
|---|---|
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| Name | National Assembly |
| Native name | Quốc hội |
| Legislature | 15th National Assembly |
| House type | Unicameral |
| Leader1 type | Chairman |
| Leader1 | Trần Thanh Mẫn |
| Party1 | Communist Party of Vietnam |
| Members | 499 |
| Last election | 23 May 2021 |
| Meeting place | Ba Đình Palace, Hanoi |
National Assembly (Vietnam) The National Assembly is the supreme organ of state power in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, seated in Hanoi at Ba Đình. It functions as the highest legislative body and the formal representative forum of the Vietnamese people, interacting with institutions such as the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Government of Vietnam, the State President (Vietnam), the Prime Minister of Vietnam, and the People's Courts.
History
The institution traces roots to revolutionary bodies like the Tây Bắc Autonomous Region assemblies and the Vietnamese National Congress (1945), culminating in the establishment of the National Assembly in 1946 under the 1946 Constitution of Vietnam. During the First Indochina War and the Vietnam War the Assembly met under conditions shaped by leaders including Hồ Chí Minh, Lê Duẩn, and Trường Chinh. Constitutional revisions in 1959 Constitution of Vietnam, 1980 Constitution of Vietnam, and the pivotal 1992 Constitution of Vietnam redefined its role alongside reforms of the Doi Moi economic program initiated by figures such as Nguyễn Văn Linh. Post-1992 reforms paralleled engagement with institutions like the United Nations and regional bodies including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and saw relations tested during events like the 2007 Vietnam–United States nuclear trade deal debates and the 2016 South China Sea arbitration aftermath.
Structure and Membership
The Assembly is a unicameral body comprising deputies elected from provinces and municipalities including Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Đà Nẵng, and Hải Phòng. Deputies have included prominent leaders from Vietnam Fatherland Front, Vietnam Women's Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, and sectors such as Vietnam General Confederation of Labour and Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. Leadership organs include the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, various thematic committees (e.g., Law Committee (Vietnam), Economic Committee (Vietnam), Judiciary Committee (Vietnam)), and delegations to bodies like the National Assembly Office. Membership features representatives linked to institutions such as Ministry of National Defence (Vietnam), Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam), the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, Vietnam Red Cross Society, and state-owned enterprises like PetroVietnam and Vietnam Airlines.
Powers and Functions
Under the 2013 and 1992 constitutional frameworks the Assembly exercises lawmaking, budgetary, and supervisory powers including confirmation of the State President (Vietnam), appointment of the Prime Minister of Vietnam, and oversight of bodies like the Supreme People's Court (Vietnam) and the Supreme People's Procuracy. It ratifies international agreements with parties such as China–Vietnam relations, Vietnam–United States relations, and multilateral treaties to World Trade Organization commitments. The Assembly approves socio-economic plans tied to agencies like the Ministry of Planning and Investment (Vietnam) and the State Bank of Vietnam, and it can interrelate with institutions such as the National Defence and Security Committee on matters connected to the People's Army of Vietnam and regional security with partners like ASEAN.
Legislative Process
Bills originate from entities including the Government of Vietnam, the President of Vietnam, Assembly committees, and mass organizations such as the Vietnam Farmers' Union. Drafts undergo readings in plenary sessions and committee review, drawing expertise from institutions like the Hanoi Law University, Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, and the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. The Standing Committee schedules debate and promulgation, while laws are published in the Official Gazette of Vietnam and implemented by ministries such as Ministry of Justice (Vietnam) and Ministry of Finance (Vietnam). High-profile legislative items have involved sectors managed by Ministry of Transport (Vietnam), Ministry of Health (Vietnam), and agencies like the Drug Administration of Vietnam.
Relationship with the Communist Party and Government
The Assembly operates within the political framework shaped by the Communist Party of Vietnam and its central structures including the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Politburo, and the Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Party policies set by congresses like the Communist Party of Vietnam National Congress inform Assembly agendas, while actors such as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Politburo influence appointments confirmed by the Assembly. Interactions occur with the Government of Vietnam ministries, state bodies like the State Bank of Vietnam, and mass fronts such as the Vietnam Fatherland Front, balancing centralized party leadership with institutional formalities.
Elections and Term of Office
Deputies are elected in nationwide ballots organized by the National Election Council (Vietnam), with candidacies often coordinated by the Vietnam Fatherland Front. Elections occur every five years as stipulated by the constitution, and notable electoral cycles include the 1997, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections. Voter registration and implementation involve agencies like the Committee for Ethnic Affairs (Vietnam?), provincial People's Councils, and local authorities in provinces such as Thanh Hóa, Nghệ An, and Bình Dương. Terms coincide with national development plans like the Five-Year Plan (Vietnam) sequences and oversight reviews by bodies including the State Audit of Vietnam.
Notable Sessions and Legislation
Landmark sessions addressed major laws: the 1992 adoption of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, economic reforms linked to Law on Enterprises (Vietnam), the Land Law (Vietnam) revisions, the Law on Investment (Vietnam), and amendments to the Penal Code (Vietnam). High-profile debates included ratification of Trans-Pacific Partnership-related issues, deliberations following the Hai Phong–Ho Chi Minh City economic corridors initiatives, and responses to crises like the 2003 SARS outbreak and the COVID-19 pandemic. The Assembly has overseen appointments and removals involving leaders such as Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, and Phạm Minh Chính, and debated policy affecting entities like VinFast, Vingroup, and state financial reforms tied to the State Bank of Vietnam.