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| Milli Görüş (philosophy) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Milli Görüş |
| Native name | Milli Görüş |
| Founder | Necmettin Erbakan |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Ideology | Political Islam, Nationalism, Conservatism |
| Headquarters | Ankara |
| Country | Turkey |
Milli Görüş (philosophy) Milli Görüş is a political and socioreligious current originating in Turkey in the late 20th century that combines Islamist, nationalist, and conservative currents. It was articulated by figures associated with Islamist movements and political parties and has influenced political parties, social organizations, and diasporic communities across Europe and the Middle East.
Milli Görüş traces its genesis to post‑World War II and Cold War trajectories involving figures who engaged with Republic of Turkey, Ankara University, Istanbul University, Necmettin Erbakan, Islamic revival, Muslim Brotherhood, Sayyid Qutb, Abul A'la Maududi, Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Society, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan Movement, Iranian Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Soviet Union, NATO, United States, European Economic Community, West Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Balkan Wars, Ottoman Empire, Young Turks, Committee of Union and Progress, Atatürkism, Justice and Development Party (Turkey), National Outlook movement, National Order Party, National Salvation Party, Welfare Party, Virtue Party, Felicity Party, Refah Partisi, Milli Selamet Partisi, Milli Nizam Partisi, Refah, Erbakan's government, 1997 Turkish military memorandum.
Early institutional forms included parties and associations tied to Necmettin Erbakan and successors who reacted to secularist policies, military interventions such as the 1997 military memorandum, and legal bans exemplified by rulings from the Constitutional Court of Turkey. Transnational expansion followed migration flows to Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Austria, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland where diasporic organizations formed links with parties such as Welfare Party and civil networks including Islamic Cultural Centre, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, Turkish Islamic Foundation, Turkish Religious Foundation.
Milli Görüş articulates a synthesis drawing on Islamic revivalist thought and Turkish nationalism engaging concepts championed by figures like Necmettin Erbakan, Said Nursi, Abdullah Gül, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turgut Özal, Ali Bulaç, Fazlur Rahman, Ismail Al-Faruqi, Hassan al-Banna, Malcolm X, Seyyid Qutb, and intellectual currents linked to Islamic modernism, political Islam, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Turkism, Kemalism, Ottomanism, Conservatism, Social conservatism, Economic nationalism, Import substitution industrialization, Developmental state. Its core tenets emphasize religio‑national identity, communal solidarity, moral governance, and a preference for market policies tempered by social welfare principles inspired by authors like Muhammad Iqbal and institutions such as Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
In policy orientation, Milli Görüş advocates positions influenced by debates around Secularism in Turkey, Laïcité in France, Sharia, Constitution of Turkey, Human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, European Union, Turkish accession to the EU, Migration policy, Citizenship law, Family law, Civil code of Turkey, Education reform, İmam hatip schools, Health care policy, Social security, Taxation policy, Customs Union (Turkey–EU), Foreign relations, Foreign policy of Turkey, Middle East policy, Israel–Turkey relations, Cyprus dispute, Northern Cyprus, Gaza–Israel conflict, Bosnia–Herzegovina, Kosovo independence, Muslim minority rights in Europe.
Advocates within the movement have supported regulated markets with industrial policy, protection for domestic industry, and social welfare programs, often contrasted with neoliberal reforms associated with figures like Turgut Özal and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. On governance, positions range from parliamentary democracy to proposals emphasizing moral leadership and communal representation consistent with debates involving Constitutionalism in Turkey and the role of military coups in Turkey.
Organizationally, Milli Görüş has manifested through political parties such as National Order Party, National Salvation Party, Welfare Party, Virtue Party, Felicity Party and through civic bodies including Islamic Cultural Centre of Cologne, Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs (DITIB), Islamische Gemeinschaft Milli Görüş (IGMG), Millî Görüş Federation, Turkish Confederation of Commerce and Industry, Union of European Turkish Democrats. Leadership figures have included Necmettin Erbakan, Recai Kutan, Nurettin Kesici, Ahmet Tekdal, Korkut Özal, Suleyman Demirel, Abdullah Gül, and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in broader political intersections. Legal status and internal governance have been shaped by cases before the Constitutional Court of Turkey, party closures, and organizational adaptations in response to laws such as amendments to the Turkish Political Parties Law.
Milli Görüş organizations have run political campaigns, social services, education initiatives, and business networks visible in settings from Ankara and Istanbul to Cologne, Düsseldorf, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, Stockholm, Vienna, Zurich, and London. They have engaged with institutions like the European Union’s enlargement process, lobbied in national parliaments such as the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and interacted with state bodies including the Diyanet and municipal administrations exemplified by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Their activities include founding schools, operating mosques, publishing periodicals, and forming trade associations connecting to marketplaces affected by policies of European Court of Justice and bilateral ties like Turkey–EU Customs Union.
Critics have charged Milli Görüş with fostering sectarianism, undermining secularism, and allying with conservative religious institutions, drawing scrutiny from actors such as Turkish Armed Forces, National Intelligence Organization (Turkey), European Commission, Council of Europe, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and media outlets including Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah. Controversies include party closures by the Constitutional Court of Turkey, allegations of clandestine networks, disputes over mosque governance tied to DITIB, and tensions with secularist parties such as Republican People's Party and nationalist parties like Nationalist Movement Party. Internationally, debates have surfaced concerning integration in Germany, Netherlands, and Belgium and responses by host states to religious‑political mobilization.
Culturally, Milli Görüş has influenced religious education via imam hatip schools, publishing through houses connected to figures like Necmettin Erbakan and institutions such as Selam Publishing, and artistic expressions engaging with Turkish literature, Sufi traditions, and communal rituals linked to Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr. Socially, the movement shaped entrepreneurship among Turkish diasporas, family networks across Balkans, Middle East, and Europe, and public debates on dress codes including controversies over headscarf bans and legal reforms in venues like Turkish Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights. Its legacy interacts with contemporary currents represented by parties like Justice and Development Party (Turkey) and social movements across Europe and the Islamic world.
Category:Political movements in Turkey Category:Islamism Category:Turkish diaspora organizations