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| Men | |
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| Name | Men |
Men are adult human males traditionally distinguished by biological, social, and legal characteristics. Across cultures and historical periods, individuals identified as male have occupied varied roles in kinship, labor, governance, religion, and art, influencing and being influenced by institutions, movements, and scientific research. Scholarship on male biology, gender identity, health, and rights engages with sources ranging from biology and medicine to sociology, anthropology, and law.
The English term derives from Old English and Proto-Germanic roots linked to words for human persons and is cognate with terms in Germanic languages and Indo-European languages. Historical texts such as the King James Bible and legal codes like the Magna Carta used gendered language affecting inheritance and status. Philosophical and literary works by figures such as Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, and Simone de Beauvoir have shaped definitions; anthropological studies by Bronisław Malinowski, Margaret Mead, and Claude Lévi-Strauss analyze cross-cultural variation. Legal changes following documents like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have altered formal definitions in many jurisdictions.
Biological sex variance involves chromosomes (e.g., XY sex-determination system, Klinefelter syndrome), endocrinology (testosterone, androgen insensitivity syndrome), and reproductive anatomy including testes, prostate, and secondary sexual characteristics. Medical research published in journals influenced clinical practice at institutions like the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health describes development from embryology in texts referencing the Y chromosome and genes such as SRY. Comparative anatomy studies reference specimens from collections at museums like the Smithsonian Institution and research by scientists at universities including Harvard University and University of Oxford.
Gender identity and expression intersect with social roles documented in ethnographies by Margaret Mead, legal recognition efforts led by organizations like Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, and psychological theory from scholars such as Sigmund Freud, Judith Butler, and Alfred Kinsey. Movements such as the LGBT rights movement and policies from bodies like the European Court of Human Rights influence recognition of gender diversity, while cultural histories in works by Michel Foucault and bell hooks examine masculinity norms in contexts such as Victorian era Britain and Meiji period Japan. Labor studies referencing the Industrial Revolution and unions like the AFL–CIO explore role expectations in workplaces.
Epidemiological data from agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and national health services show patterns in morbidity and mortality, with research on cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, and mental health by institutions like Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins Hospital. Public health initiatives such as vaccination campaigns by the Pan American Health Organization and occupational safety standards from the International Labour Organization address male health risks. Demographic analyses by organizations like the United Nations and scholars in journals examine life expectancy trends across countries including Japan, United States, and Russia.
Male reproductive roles involve gametogenesis in testes, assisted reproductive technologies developed at centers like IVF clinics and research by teams at institutions including Cambridge University and Massachusetts General Hospital. Historical family law from bodies such as the Supreme Court of the United States and legislative reforms in countries like Sweden and Canada have affected paternal rights and parental leave policies. Anthropological case studies in societies like the Yanomami and Kung illustrate diverse parenting practices; contemporary debates involve custody law, adoption systems administered by agencies such as UNICEF, and sperm donation regulation.
Cultural representation of males is found in literature from William Shakespeare, Homer, and Chinua Achebe; visual arts by figures like Michelangelo and Frida Kahlo; and media industries centered in locations such as Hollywood and Bollywood. Employment patterns shaped by industrialization in cities such as Manchester and Detroit and policy responses by governments including United Kingdom and Germany affect labor participation and education access at institutions like University of Cambridge and Beijing University. Sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA structure competitive opportunities, while philanthropic foundations like the Gates Foundation fund gendered education programs.
Legal representation and policy concerns involve civil rights litigation in courts like the European Court of Human Rights and Supreme Court of the United States, international treaties including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (impacting gender norms), and national statutes on family law, employment law, and anti-discrimination enacted by parliaments such as the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the United States Congress. Advocacy groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, Stonewall, and National Organization for Women engage in debates over conscription policies in countries like Israel and South Korea, voting rights reforms, and criminal justice issues involving policing agencies such as the Metropolitan Police Service and New York Police Department.
Category:Human males