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| Mapuche activism | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mapuche activism |
| Native name | Mapuche activism |
| Caption | Mapuche protesters |
| Location | Araucanía Region, Los Ríos Region, Biobío Region, Argentina |
| Founder | Pewenche, Huilliche, Picunche |
| Established | Pre-contact; modern movement from 19th century |
Mapuche activism Mapuche activism encompasses political, social, cultural, and land-rights mobilization by Mapuche peoples across Chile and Argentina. Rooted in pre-colonial institutions and responses to the Occupation of Araucanía, it evolved through interactions with the Spanish Empire, the Argentine Confederation, and modern states to influence contemporary debates over Indigenous rights and natural resource governance. Activists engage with national courts such as the Supreme Court of Chile, international bodies including the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and transnational networks like the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
Early Mapuche resistance featured leaders such as Lautaro, Caupolicán, and Galvarino in conflicts like the Arauco War against the Spanish Empire and later Spanish colonial authorities. During the 19th century, the Occupation of Araucanía and the Conquest of the Desert in Argentina transformed territorial relations, triggering dispossession and prompting legal responses including treaties such as the Parliament of Quilín and accords like the Treaty of Quilín. Twentieth-century developments involved figures like José Manuel Balmaceda and institutions like the Congreso Nacional de Chile, while the late 20th and early 21st centuries saw mobilization against projects by corporations such as Endesa and CELCO and interactions with administrations of presidents Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinochet, Michelle Bachelet, and Sebastián Piñera.
Activist goals emphasize recognition of ancestral territories and legal instruments like the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (ILO Convention 169) and instruments from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Ideologies draw on Mapuche leaders such as Aucán Huilcamán and Catrilaf and intellectuals like Rubén Collío and Bernardo Leví while engaging with political parties including the Broad Front (Chile) and historical formations like the Partido Comunista de Chile. Strategies reference Indigenous autonomy models from Bolivia and Ecuador constitutions, and claim mechanisms involving the Constitution of Chile and provincial legislatures in Neuquén Province.
Tactics range from cultural revitalization led by groups such as Kimche Mapu and Lof Mapu to legal litigation before the Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación in Argentina and the Corte Suprema de Chile. Direct action includes land occupations reminiscent of historical resistances in Temuco and Panguipulli, while advocacy uses petitions to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and submissions to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Environmental campaigns have targeted projects by Endesa and Pacific Hydro, and alliances formed with NGOs like Greenpeace and Amnesty International.
Prominent organizations include the Consejo de Todas las Tierras, led by Aucán Huilcamán, and the Mapuche Coordinating Association alongside community councils such as the Alianza Territorial Mapuche and the Consejo de Todas las Comunidades Mapuche. Other actors include the Movimiento Autónomo Mapuche and international networks like the European Network of Indigenous Peoples. Notable leaders and intellectuals connected to activism encompass Dominga Huenchumil, Lautaro Núñez, María Chilén, Machi Francisca Linconao, Gabriel Curilem, Lautaro Ortiz, Florencio Molina Campos, and Celestino Córdova.
Significant moments include occupations during the 1990s Chilean transition to democracy, confrontations in Vilcún and Ercilla, the 2000s land-recovery wave culminating in Loncoche and Collipulli actions, and high-profile incidents such as the Hirán Huentelauquén protests. Protests have intersected with nationwide movements like the 2019–2022 Chilean protests and local crises tied to cases like the murder of Camilo Catrillanca and the legal processes around Machi Celestino Córdova. International mobilizations reached forums such as the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Organization of American States.
States have used legislation including special statutes debated in the Chilean Constitutional Convention and judicial measures via the Ministerio Público de Chile and provincial prosecutors in Argentina. Security responses involved agencies like the Carabineros de Chile and Colombian-inspired policing units, while parliamentary inquiries engaged members of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile and the Senate of Chile. International adjudication occurred at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, with amici curiae from organizations such as Human Rights Watch.
Controversies involve debates over tactics attributed to groups labeled in media reports as radical Mapuche or violent factions, disputes over logging operations with companies like CELCO and Masisa, and tensions with settler communities in provinces such as Malleco and Cautín. Critics include journalists from outlets like El Mercurio and La Tercera and political figures from parties like National Renewal (Chile) and Independent Democratic Union. Supporters counter criticisms citing reports by Amnesty International and International Crisis Group on human rights concerns. Legal controversies touch on the application of laws such as the Anti-Terrorism Law (Chile) and prosecutions at the Supreme Court of Chile.
Category:Mapuche Category:Indigenous rights movements Category:Politics of Chile Category:Politics of Argentina