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| Long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy | |
|---|---|
| Name | Long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy |
Long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy A long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy (LT-LEDS) is a national planning instrument for decarbonization and resilience that integrates energy transition, land-use change, and industrial transformation over multi-decadal horizons. It aligns national pathways with international frameworks such as the Paris Agreement, coordinates actions across ministries including Ministry of Environment (country), Ministry of Energy (country), and engages stakeholders from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change processes, multilateral development banks like the World Bank, and philanthropic actors such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. LT-LEDS serve as roadmaps comparable in ambition to trajectories discussed by scientific bodies including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and modeling communities such as the International Energy Agency and the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C.
LT-LEDS emerged in the wake of the Paris Agreement submission mechanisms and are informed by precedent instruments like the European Green Deal, the United States National Climate Assessment, and national plans such as Japan’s Long-term Strategy under the Paris Agreement and Canada's 2050 Emissions Reduction Plan. Scholarship from institutions including the International Renewable Energy Agency and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development analyzes pathways developed for regions such as the European Union, China, and India. Historical drivers include events like the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, scientific assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and fiscal shifts exemplified by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. Civil society actors like Greenpeace and 350.org have influenced ambition and public mobilization supporting LT-LEDS.
LT-LEDS establish long-range objectives such as net-zero targets, carbon budgets, and sectoral decarbonization milestones aligned with international commitments like those ratified at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (e.g., COP21). Targets often reference benchmarks from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios, including pathways limiting warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C, and coordinate with national commitments under instruments like the Nationally Determined Contribution framework. Governments may set interim milestones (e.g., 2030, 2040, 2050) tied to statutory mechanisms such as the Climate Change Act 2008 (United Kingdom) or executive strategies like the United States' Nationally Determined Contribution updates. Other objectives include biodiversity co-benefits referenced in the Convention on Biological Diversity and sustainable development targets aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
LT-LEDS identify sectoral mitigation pathways across energy systems influenced by the International Energy Agency, industrial transitions in sectors including cement and steel noted by the Energy Transitions Commission, and land-use measures related to reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Typical measures include accelerated deployment of technologies such as solar power projects like Solar Energy Corporation of India initiatives, wind programs exemplified by Vestas installations, electrification of transport inspired by Tesla, Inc. and national fleets in Norway, efficiency retrofits in buildings drawing on standards like Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, carbon capture and storage pilot programs akin to projects by Equinor and SaskPower, and afforestation/rewilding policies guided by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Agricultural practices reference research from the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.
Governance arrangements in LT-LEDS encompass regulatory tools, market mechanisms, and planning institutions such as national climate councils modeled after the UK Committee on Climate Change and interagency bodies similar to Germany’s Federal Ministry for the Environment. Instruments include carbon pricing systems like the European Union Emission Trading Scheme and national carbon taxes as implemented in Sweden, standards and mandates comparable to Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations, technology procurement programs using mechanisms pioneered by the United States Department of Energy, and public procurement strategies seen in Japan. Multilevel coordination involves subnational actors such as the California Air Resources Board and international cooperation channels including the Bilateral Investment Treaty frameworks and climate financing vehicles like the Green Climate Fund.
LT-LEDS link fiscal policy and investment pipelines through instruments such as green bonds issued by sovereigns (e.g., World Bank Green Bond models), public investment programs akin to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and private sector engagement through institutional investors like BlackRock. Cost-benefit assessments draw on methodologies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and fiscal safeguards embedded in legislation like the Public Sector Accounting Standards Board rules. Financial de-risking tools include guarantees from institutions such as the International Finance Corporation and blended finance structures promoted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
LT-LEDS incorporate just transition frameworks developed by actors including the International Labour Organization and social safeguards referenced in World Bank operational policies. Equity considerations reflect principles from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and community consultation processes modeled on practices by organizations such as Oxfam International and Amnesty International. Workforce reskilling initiatives align with training programs led by institutions like the International Labour Organization and national education ministries, while regional redevelopment can draw on precedents such as post-industrial transition plans in Ruhr (region) and Appalachia.
Monitoring and review in LT-LEDS rely on transparency frameworks under the Paris Agreement and reporting systems consistent with IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Institutional monitoring may use national statistical offices such as Statistics Canada and analytical platforms from the International Energy Agency and IEA World Energy Outlook. Iterative review processes mirror cycles in the Global Stocktake (UNFCCC) and may involve independent assessment from entities like the Climate Action Tracker and academic groups at institutions such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Oxford to validate assumptions and update scenarios.