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| Kinetics (chemical) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Chemical kinetics |
| Caption | Reaction coordinate diagram example |
| Field | Physical chemistry |
| Introduced | 19th century |
| Discoverer | Svante Arrhenius, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff |
Kinetics (chemical) Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed of chemical reactions and the factors that influence those speeds. It connects thermodynamic ideas from Rudolf Clausius, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Willard Gibbs with mechanistic proposals from Svante Arrhenius and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, informing experimental practice in laboratories such as those at University of Cambridge and ETH Zurich. The field underpins technologies developed by organizations like DuPont, BASF, and national laboratories including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Chemical kinetics examines how quickly reactants convert to products, drawing on foundational work by Antoine Lavoisier, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, and John Dalton. Modern kinetics integrates concepts from Arrhenius equation formulations by Svante Arrhenius and treatment of transition states influenced by Henry Eyring and Michael Polanyi. It is central to applied projects at institutions such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max Planck Society, and California Institute of Technology and to industries exemplified by ExxonMobil and Shell.
Reaction rate quantifies concentration change per time and is expressed in differential rate laws developed through experiments by Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Svante Arrhenius. Empirical rate laws relate to stoichiometry in classical studies at University of Göttingen and depend on measurable species identified in work at Rockefeller University. Rate constants appear in the Arrhenius equation and can be compared across systems studied at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Determination of reaction order often cites methodologies refined at Imperial College London and University of Oxford.
Mechanistic proposals decompose overall transformations into elementary steps, an approach advanced by Henry Eyring and Christopher Ingold. Transition state theory, originating from Michael Polanyi and Henry Eyring, links potential energy surfaces used in computational studies at Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley with rate predictions. Radical chain mechanisms were elucidated in work connected to laboratories such as University of Manchester and institutions like Royal Society. Complex catalytic cycles reflect insights from Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureates and research groups at Scripps Research Institute.
Temperature effects follow the Arrhenius equation and are interpreted using transition state models promoted by Henry Eyring and Linus Pauling. Pressure dependence is critical in gas‑phase kinetics studied at facilities like Jet Propulsion Laboratory and National Institute of Standards and Technology. Concentration effects tie to mass action concepts from Gulberg and Waage and kinetics experiments run at University of Tokyo and Seoul National University. Catalysis—homogeneous and heterogeneous—relies on surface science advanced at Max Planck Institute for Coal Research and corporate research at Johnson Matthey and Catalent.
Integrated rate laws for zero‑, first‑, and second‑order reactions are standard topics in texts from Linus Pauling and departments at Harvard University and Yale University. Steady‑state and pre‑steady‑state approximations trace to analytic methods used by Marcelin, Michaelis, and Maud Menten in enzyme kinetics research at University of Basel. Numerical simulation and multidimensional modeling use software developed in collaborations involving IBM Research and Microsoft Research and apply techniques from applied mathematics groups at Courant Institute.
Kinetic measurements employ spectroscopy, calorimetry, and chromatography pursued in laboratories such as Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. Time‑resolved spectroscopy methods have roots in studies by Ahmed Zewail and are implemented at facilities like European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. Flow reactors and rapid‑mixing devices trace development to engineering groups at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and ETH Zurich. Isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry techniques are used in collaborations involving Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Chemical kinetics informs reactor design in petrochemical operations at companies such as ExxonMobil, BASF, and Sinopec and guides pharmaceutical synthesis at firms like Pfizer and Novartis. Atmospheric chemistry kinetics underpins work by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency on ozone and pollutant processes. Combustion kinetics drives developments in engine research at General Motors Research Laboratories and Toyota Research Institute. Biochemical kinetics supports research at National Institutes of Health and biotech companies including Genentech and Amgen.
Category:Physical chemistry Category:Chemical processes