JavaScript
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| JavaScript | |
|---|---|
| Name | JavaScript |
| Developer | Brendan Eich |
| First appeared | 1995 |
| Influenced by | Scheme, Self, Java |
| Typing | Dynamic, duck |
| License | Various |
JavaScript JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic scripting language widely used for client-side and server-side programming in web environments. It powers interactive interfaces on websites and underpins platforms, runtimes, and frameworks used across technology stacks, including browsers, cloud services, and embedded systems. The language has shaped contemporary web development practices and interoperates with standards, tools, and libraries from multiple organizations.
History
The language emerged in 1995 during the early web era alongside companies and projects such as Netscape Communications Corporation, Mosaic Communications, Microsoft Corporation, Sun Microsystems, and IBM. Its creation coincided with events involving Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Apache HTTP Server, World Wide Web Consortium, and browser wars that included stakeholders like Opera Software, Mozilla Foundation, Google LLC, and Apple Inc.. Influential figures and publications tied to the language include Brendan Eich, Marc Andreessen, Tim Berners-Lee, Linus Torvalds, and proceedings at venues such as SIGGRAPH, ACM SIGPLAN, USENIX, and IETF. Early implementations and debates involved standards bodies such as Ecma International and processes influenced by legal, commercial, and technical developments involving Sun Microsystems, Oracle Corporation, Microsoft Research, and academic groups at MIT, Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley, and Carnegie Mellon University.
Design and Features
The language's design blends paradigms and ideas from languages and projects including Scheme, Self (programming language), Java (programming language), and features analogous to work from researchers at Xerox PARC, Bell Labs, University of Cambridge, and ETH Zurich. Core design goals intersect with principles advocated in documents and talks by figures like Douglas Crockford, Brendan Eich, Yukihiro Matsumoto, Guido van Rossum, and institutions such as Google DeepMind, Microsoft Research, and IBM Research. Its feature set aligns with runtime concepts explored in CPython, V8 (JavaScript engine), SpiderMonkey, and virtual machine research at Oracle Labs and Sun Labs. Security and sandboxing discussions reference work from CERT Coordination Center, OWASP, EFF, and legal contexts involving European Commission and United States Department of Justice antitrust inquiries.
Syntax and Core Concepts
The syntax and semantics draw on constructs familiar to implementers and users who also work with languages and platforms such as C (programming language), C++, Python (programming language), Ruby (programming language), Perl, PHP, Haskell (programming language), and Lisp. Key core concepts parallel discussions in academic and industrial literature from conferences like PLDI, OOPSLA, ICSE, and ECOOP. Important paradigms and mechanisms connect to research by contributors affiliated with Stanford University, UC Berkeley, Princeton University, ETH Zurich, Imperial College London, and companies such as Google LLC and Facebook, Inc..
Standardization and Versions
Standardization has been conducted through Ecma International Technical Committee 39 and editions influenced by committees and proposals from organizations including TC39, W3C, IETF, ISO, and contributors from Mozilla Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, Google LLC, Apple Inc., Facebook, Inc., and Netflix, Inc.. Versioning and editions reference milestones comparable to releases and works in organisations such as ECMA-262, industry presentations at JSConf, NodeConf, Google I/O, WWDC, and Microsoft Build. Governance and evolution intersect with legal and policy contexts involving European Union directives and standards-related collaborations with Unicode Consortium, ISO/IEC JTC1, and research institutions like MIT CSAIL.
Implementations and Engines
Major engine implementations include V8 (JavaScript engine), SpiderMonkey, ChakraCore, JavaScriptCore, and alternate runtimes and projects from companies such as Google LLC, Mozilla Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, Apple Inc., Intel Corporation, and Samsung Electronics. Deployments and integration span platforms maintained by Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari, Node.js Foundation, Deno Land, and embedded environments produced by ARM Holdings, Qualcomm, Raspberry Pi Foundation, and Arduino. Performance research and benchmarking appear in venues like SPEC, Phoronix, ACM, and labs at Intel Labs and Google Research.
Ecosystem and Libraries
The ecosystem includes package managers and registries and projects such as npm, Yarn (package manager), Bower (software), Webpack, Rollup (software), Parcel (software), and frameworks from organizations including Facebook, Inc., Google LLC, Meta Platforms, Inc., Vercel, Netlify, Inc., Heroku, and Cloudflare, Inc.. Prominent libraries and frameworks involve work by teams at Facebook, Inc. (e.g., React), Google LLC (e.g., Angular, Polymer), Evan You (Vue), Svelte (software), Ember.js, Backbone.js, jQuery, and utilities and testing tools produced by Jest (software), Mocha (software), Karma (test runner), Sinon.js, Enzyme (software), and Cypress (software). Community, conferences, and organizations fostering the ecosystem include JSConf, Node.js Foundation, OpenJS Foundation, Ecma International, W3C, and academic contributors from MIT, Stanford University, and UC Berkeley.
Use Cases and Applications
Adoption spans web applications, server-side platforms, mobile development, desktop applications, and embedded systems used by companies and projects such as Google LLC, Facebook, Inc., Netflix, Inc., PayPal Holdings, Inc., Uber Technologies, Inc., Airbnb, Inc., Spotify Technology, Adobe Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Apple Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., LinkedIn Corporation, eBay Inc., and research prototypes from MIT Media Lab, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and Carnegie Mellon University. The language supports interactive visualization libraries and tools originating from groups and projects such as D3.js, Three.js, TensorFlow.js, Electron (software), React Native, Ionic Framework, Cordova (software), and integrations with cloud services from Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure, Heroku, and Cloudflare, Inc..