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| Jardín Japonés | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jardín Japonés |
| Caption | Traditional elements in a Japanese garden |
| Location | Various |
| Type | Landscape garden |
| Created | Classical periods to modern era |
| Designer | Various |
| Area | Varies |
| Status | Public and private |
Jardín Japonés is the Spanish term for gardens inspired by Japanese landscape traditions that have been constructed worldwide from the Meiji period to the present, reflecting exchanges among cities, states, museums, botanical gardens, and cultural institutions. These gardens synthesize aesthetics from Heian period, Kamakura period, Muromachi period, Edo period, and modern Meiji era design principles and have been commissioned or maintained by entities such as municipal authorities, diplomatic missions, universities, botanical gardens, museums, and cultural foundations. Influences are visible in sites connected to figures and institutions including Sen no Rikyū, Prince Shōtoku, Itō Hirobumi, Okakura Kakuzō, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ernest Fenollosa, Kew Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York Botanical Garden, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
Origins derive from court and temple gardens patronized by Fujiwara clan, Minamoto clan, and Taira clan which informed later design codifications in treatises tied to Zen Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism, and aristocratic taste under patrons such as Emperor Kammu and monastic centers like Kōyasan. During the Muromachi period aesthetic concepts from practitioners associated with Muryō-ji and figures such as Sen no Rikyū and Kukai filtered into shoin and stroll gardens sponsored by daimyō and shogunate agencies including the Ashikaga shogunate. From the late 19th century, diplomatic exchange involving Japan–United States relations, Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and exhibitions like the 1900 Paris Exposition and Universal Exposition (1900) led municipal governments, philanthropic families, and cultural societies—such as municipal councils in Buenos Aires, San Francisco, Montevideo, Barcelona, Lisbon, Munich, Berlin, Cologne, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Prague, Budapest, Milan, Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipal Council—to commission gardens. Twentieth-century patrons included museums like the Metropolitan Museum of Art, universities such as University of California, Berkeley, botanical institutions like the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and individual donors linked to families like the Rockefeller family and Onassis family.
Layout conventions draw on plan types such as karesansui (dry landscape), chisen kaiyū (stroll garden), and pond-and-island arrangements found in gardens like Kinkaku-ji, Ginkaku-ji, Ryoan-ji, Saihō-ji, Heian Jingū garden and palatial landscapes such as Ninnaji and Kōdai-ji. Designers reference manuals and practitioners connected to schools represented by lineages including Oishi Shusai, Uejima Onkei, Shigemori Mirei, and architects influenced by Tadao Ando, Kengo Kuma, Kenzo Tange. Typical features incorporate elements analogous to those at Karesansui gardens, Stroll gardens, Tea gardens (roji) associated with tea masters like Sen no Rikyū and institutions such as Urasenke, Omotesenke, Mushanokōjisenke. Planning has been adapted by municipal planners, landscape architects, and conservancies associated with bodies like ICOMOS, International Federation of Landscape Architects, and heritage agencies in cities including Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Lisbon, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Berlin.
Planting palettes emulate specimens cultivated in historic sites such as Nara and Kyoto using taxa associated with Japanese horticulture: Pinus thunbergii and other pines introduced by collectors and botanical gardens including Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Arnold Arboretum, and Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Acer palmatum maples celebrated alongside specimens studied by institutions like Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Prunus serrulata cherries propagated by botanical exchanges with nurseries tied to University of California, Davis and municipal arboreta. Understory selections reference collections at arboreta like Arnold Arboretum and include Aucuba japonica, Camellia japonica, Buxus microphylla, Rhododendron yakushimanum and moss assemblages curated using protocols from botanical conservation programs at Missouri Botanical Garden and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Stonework materials—basalt, granite, schist—mirror quarries used historically near Ise Province and modern sourced supplies documented by municipal works departments in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Barcelona, Lisbon, San Francisco, Chicago.
Symbolic motifs derive from Shinto shrines like Ise Grand Shrine, Buddhist temples like Kiyomizu-dera and Byōdō-in, and artistic movements represented by artists such as Hokusai, Hiroshige, Sesshū Tōyō, and calligraphers like Kukai whose aesthetics inform placement of features such as stone lanterns (tōrō), bridges echoing designs at Uji and Itsukushima Shrine, and tea houses inspired by architecture of Sengoku period teahouses and modern reconstructions at museums like the Freer Gallery of Art. Ceremonial uses connect gardens to groups including Urasenke, Omotesenke, Matsuri committees, local cultural centers, and diplomatic missions such as embassies of Japan that sponsor festivals like Hanami and Tanabata.
Prominent examples exist in urban parks, botanical gardens, and cultural centers connected to institutions like Brooklyn Botanic Garden (New York City), Portland Japanese Garden (associated with Portland Art Museum and civic donors), Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco) (linked to Golden Gate Park and municipal histories of San Francisco), and historic commissions by municipal governments in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Other internationally recognized gardens occur at universities and museums such as Cowra Japanese Garden and Cultural Centre (Australia), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew collaborations, and gardens affiliated with consulates and cultural institutes in Lisbon, Barcelona, Rome, Paris, Berlin, Munich, Prague, Budapest, Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai.
Conservation practices draw on methods taught at institutions such as Imperial Household Agency historic gardens, university programs at University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and horticultural curricula at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden, and Arnold Arboretum. Maintenance employs pruning techniques associated with niwaki lineages, moss cultivation protocols developed by botanical research centers, and pest management informed by standards from plant health agencies including national ministries of agriculture in Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, United States, Australia, and Canada. Restoration projects often involve collaborations among municipal governments, cultural foundations like the Japan Foundation, embassies, and international NGOs such as UNESCO when gardens are part of broader heritage landscapes.
Public programming links gardens to festivals and event calendars maintained by city cultural departments, consulates, museums, and botanical gardens, hosting activities like hanami celebrations, tea ceremonies with schools such as Urasenke, ikebana exhibitions by federations like the Sogetsu School, kōdō demonstrations tied to incense societies, and educational programs developed with universities including University of California, Berkeley, University of Tokyo, and community organizations. Visitor services, signage, and interpretation are commonly provided by municipal parks departments, cultural institutes such as the Japan Foundation, and volunteer groups associated with botanical institutions like Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Category:Japanese gardens