Jakarta RESTful Web Services
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| Jakarta RESTful Web Services | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jakarta RESTful Web Services |
| Developer | Eclipse Foundation |
| Released | 2017 |
| Programming language | Java |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Genre | Web service framework |
Jakarta RESTful Web Services Jakarta RESTful Web Services is a specification for building RESTful web services in the Jakarta EE platform, designed under the stewardship of the Eclipse Foundation and influenced by the Java Community Process and the legacy of Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems, and the GlassFish project. The specification aligns with HTTP semantics defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force and builds on concepts from the World Wide Web Consortium, while interoperating with Jakarta EE components such as Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta CDI, and Jakarta JSON Processing for end-to-end enterprise deployments.
Overview
Jakarta RESTful Web Services defines an API for creating resources and HTTP endpoints that integrate with Jakarta EE containers like Eclipse GlassFish, Apache TomEE, and Red Hat WildFly, and toolchains from IBM, Microsoft, and Google. The specification evolved from the JAX-RS work led by the Java Community Process, with contributions from Oracle, Eclipse Foundation working groups, and organizations like Payara and Tomitribe, and it references standards from the Internet Engineering Task Force and World Wide Web Consortium. Implementations provide runtime behavior aligned with Jakarta EE TCKs and integrate with build systems such as Apache Maven, Gradle, and CI/CD platforms from Jenkins, GitHub Actions, and GitLab.
Core Concepts and Architecture
The architecture centers on resource classes, resource methods, HTTP request/response matching, and content negotiation consistent with RFC 7231 and related IETF documents. Resource lifecycle, dependency injection, and context propagation leverage Jakarta CDI, Jakarta Transactions, and Jakarta Security, while message entity handling uses Jakarta JSON Binding, Jakarta JSON Processing, and XML binding with Jakarta XML Binding. Implementations often expose provider-based extension points, filter chains, and interceptor models similar to those in Eclipse MicroProfile, Spring Framework, and Apache CXF for cross-cutting concerns such as logging, metrics, and distributed tracing with OpenTracing and OpenTelemetry.
Annotations and API Components
The API defines annotation-driven programming models including resource path mapping, HTTP method designators, and parameter injection modeled after the original JAX-RS annotations; key annotations are used alongside Jakarta CDI and Jakarta Inject patterns. Providers implement MessageBodyReader and MessageBodyWriter contracts, while exception mapping is handled by ExceptionMapper components that integrate with Jakarta RESTful Web Services runtime and servers like Eclipse Jetty and Undertow. The model supports asynchronous processing using CompletionStage and reactive paradigms that interoperate with libraries such as Reactive Streams, Project Reactor, and RxJava, and aligns with Servlet async processing introduced in Jakarta Servlet.
Implementation and Runtime Environments
Multiple implementations exist, including Jersey from the Eclipse Foundation, RESTEasy from Red Hat, Apache CXF from the Apache Software Foundation, and implementations by Payara Server and Oracle WebLogic; these implementations run on containers such as Eclipse GlassFish, WildFly, Apache Tomcat, and Red Hat OpenShift. Build and deployment pipelines integrate with tools from Apache Maven, Gradle, Docker, Kubernetes, and Red Hat OpenShift, and monitoring and observability commonly use Prometheus, Grafana, Jaeger, and Zipkin. Cloud providers including Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure host Jakarta EE runtimes and managed application services that deploy Jakarta RESTful Web Services-based applications.
Security and Interceptors
Security integrations include Jakarta Security for authentication, OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect flows from the OpenID Foundation, JWT handling compatible with JSON Web Token specifications, and role-based access that maps to enterprise identity providers like LDAP, Active Directory, Keycloak, and Okta. Interceptors and filters provide request and response processing points similar to servlet filters and CDI interceptors and integrate with cross-cutting tooling from Spring Security and Apache Shiro for authorization, as well as with Web Application Firewalls and API gateways like Kong and Apigee for policy enforcement.
Examples and Common Use Cases
Common use cases include CRUD REST APIs for enterprise systems in banking, healthcare, and telecommunications deployed on Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Pak, lightweight microservices with frameworks like Helidon and Quarkus that interoperate with Jakarta RESTful Web Services, and HTTP-based integrations using Apache Camel and MuleSoft. Example scenarios leverage JSON payloads parsed by Jakarta JSON Binding and Jakarta JSON Processing, XML payloads via Jakarta XML Binding, and streaming large payloads using Servlet non-blocking IO and reactive libraries such as Project Reactor and Akka Streams, while CI/CD workflows use Jenkins, GitHub Actions, and GitLab CI for automated testing and deployment.
Compatibility and Migration from JAX-RS
Migration paths from JAX-RS to Jakarta RESTful Web Services focus on namespace changes, package renaming from javax.ws.rs to jakarta.ws.rs, and updating dependencies for Jakarta EE 9 and later compatibility as coordinated by the Eclipse Foundation and participating vendors. Tooling support in Maven and Gradle, alongside guidance from Jakarta EE migration guides and community resources from the Eclipse Foundation, Red Hat, Oracle, and IBM, assists teams migrating applications running on GlassFish, WildFly, TomEE, and WebLogic to newer Jakarta EE platforms while retaining integration with libraries such as Jersey, RESTEasy, Apache CXF, and frameworks like Spring Boot.